Acid Base Balance: Quizlet Copy

what is the most effective buffer system of pH

bicarbonate

respiratory acidosis

-increased retention of CO2 and decreased body pH
-acute or chronic

causes of respiratory acidosis

CNS depression, neuromuscular disorder, airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, pulmonary restrictive disorders, abnormal blood CO2 transport

high CO2

acidic

low CO2

basic

compensation for respiratory acidosis

kidneys conserve bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions in the urine

acute compensation of respiratory acidosis

-mainly due to internal buffering
-minimize increase in bicarbonate

chronic compensation of respiratory acidosis

-renal compensation
-maximal response: 3-4 days

manifestations of respiratory acidosis

headache, blurred vision, breathlessness, tachycardia, vasodilation, twitching, lethargy

treatment of respiratory acidosis

improve ventilation

respiratory alkalosis

decreased retention of CO2 and increased body pH

causes of respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation, pain, high altitude, salicylates, pulmonary embolism, hepatic failure

why does someone blowing to a bad help with CO2 levels when hyperventilating?

they blow out CO2 and it gets trapped so they can breath it back in

compensation in respiratory alkalosis acute

-intracellular buffering response (decrease in bicarbonate)
-starts in 10 mins and max response is 6 hours

chronic compensation in respiratory alkalosis

-renal compensation (acid retention and bicarbonate lost)
-starts after 6 hours and maximal response is 2-3 days

manifestations of respiratory alkalosis

high pH (basic), decreased carbonic acid, low CO2, lightheaded, can't concentrate, numbness and tingling

what is the main treatment goal of respiratory alkalosis

correct the cause of hyperventilation

metabolic acidosis

-decreased bicarbonate and a decrease in pH
-accumulation of non-volatile acids

causes of metabolic acidosis

lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholic, starvation, renal failure, excess loss of basic ions from diarrhea

what to think of when thinking of metabolic

kidney

compensation in metabolic acidosis

-hyperventilation maximal at 12-24 hours and starts in minutes
-hydrogen ions buffered by bicarbonate and hemoglobin

symptoms of metabolic acidosis

hyperventilation, decreased heart contractility, lethargy, disorientation, muscle twitching

treatment of metabolic acidosis

correct underlying cause, admin bicarbonate, monitor potassium levels

metabolic alkalosis

-increased bicarbonate and an increase in pH
-excess secretion of acids

causes of metabolic alkalosis

vomiting, diuretics, hypocalcemia, mg deficiency, potassium depletion, excess ingestion of antacids

compensation in metabolic alkalosis

hypoventilation, maximal compensation of CO2 is 55-60 mmHG

symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

decreased myocardial contractility, arrhythmias, confusion, hypoventilation

treatment of metabolic alkalosis

-supply chloride to allow excretion of excess bicarbonate
-restore fluid volume with sodium chloride solutions

low ph

acidic

high ph

basic

low CO2

basic

low bicarbonate

acid

high bicarbonate

basic

fully compensated

ph is normal

partially compensated

ph is abnormal and CO2 and bicarbonate are abnormal

uncompensated

ph is abnormal and either CO2 or bicarbonate is normal