U.S history test midterm

Which of the following developments was responsible for the decline in American Indian populations after the contact with Europeans?

The spread of disease

Think about the Colombian Exchange. Why might some historians conclude that the seeds and plants of the Americans were very important for the population of Europe?

Nutritional changes increased the health and growth of European populations. The surplus population eventually peopled the Americans

How did the Crusades spark the curiosity that would lead to the Age of Exploration?

The crusaders brought back stories, ideas, and goods from West Africa that stimulated new interests in Africa for Europeans

What economic factors helped save the Jamestown colony?

Jamestown became a plantation economy with tobacco as a cash crop

What conditions allowed many colonists to grow rich?

In the colonies land was plentiful but labor was scarce

When did the movement for independence begin to gain strength in the 13 colonies?

Seeds were planted after then end of the French and Indian War when British colonial policies began to change

The American Revolution changed the expectations of people in American society. How did the lives of African Americans, Native Americans, and women change?

All were still denied political rights. Slavery remained in place

What issue did the Three-Fifths compromise address?

concern by the people in the states with small enslaved populations that they would not be represented fairly

Look at the map showing the routes that became known as the triangular trade. One reason this system might have been successful is-

It was a profitable venture because each region produced goods that were not available anywhere else

Why was Thomas Jefferson's negotiation of the Louisiana Purchase significant?

It almost doubled the size of the United States

The Bill of Rights that went into effect in 1791 had ___ amendments

10

Paper notes promising to eventually repay money with interest are called

bonds

The Shoshone who joined the Lewis and Clark expedition as a guide was

Sacajawea

The last amendment in the Bill of Rights states that

any powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states

The United States gained the Louisiana Territory by

Buying it from France

Through the practice of __________, the British seized American sailors.

impressments

Members of congress who wanted to declare war on Britain were nicknamed the

War hawks

The democratic-republicans believed _____ were not helpful to farmers

protective tariffs

which president agreed to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France?

Jefferson

Who agreed to sell the Louisiana Territory?

Napoleon

Washington cautioned Americans to avoid ____ with foreign countries.

alliances

The steamboat was an improvement over barges because it could

travel upstream

The solution that emerged in the Missouri Compromise was to admit Missouri

as a slave state and Maine as a free state

Manifest Destiny was the idea that

the nation was meant to spread all the way to the pacific

A cotton gin

removes cotton seeds

Missouri's request to enter the Union as a slave state created a problem because

it would upset the balance of the power between slave and free states in the senate

according to the map above, all the trails west originated in what state

Missouri

How did Native American migration differ from that of white Americans?

Most native Americans migrated after being forced from their land

How did the invention of interchangeable parts revolutionize the way products like guns could be produced?

It sped up the manufacturing process, increasing profitability

What was one important effect of the invention of the cotton gin in 1793?

The demand for slave labor increased

workers called in to replace striking workers

scabs

Inventor of the cotton gin

Eli Whitney

Economist who believed in capitalism

Adam Smith

Industrialist who established Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller

British Industrialist who smuggled the plans for a spinning machine to the U.S

Samuel Slater

___ is the philosophy that advocates public rather than private control of property

socialism

When workers negotiate as a group with employers, they are engaging in

collective bargaining

this economic term means "hands off"

laissez-faire

All early factories had to be located

near a source of energy

During the late 1800's, children often worked in factories because

families needed the income to survive

which of the following made possible the American industrial growth of the late 1800's?

technological advances

which of the following revolutionized American communications in the late 1800's?

the telegraph and the telephone

which of the following inventions was entirely dependent on the invention of the steam engine?

the railroad locomotive

How did business leaders in the late nineteenth century utilize vertical integration?

They maintained control of production and distribution of their products

It can be inferred from these pie graphs that after 1860

the northern economy grew more quickly than the south

*“We recognize that peaceful industry is necessary to successful civilized life, but the right to strike and the preparation to strike is the greatest preventive to strikes. If the workmen were to make up their minds tomorrow that they would under no circumstances strike, the employers would do all the striking for them in the way of lesser wages, and longer hours of labor.”*

*—Report on the (U.S.) Industrial Commission on Capital and Labor, 1890*

In this report, Samuel Gompers is explaining the need for

unions

*“Meanwhile they live in a place of infernal dins. The crash and thunder of the machinery is like the roar of an immense cataract. The room shrieks and blares and bellows. Down in the midst of it sit these tiny urchins, where they earn fifty-five cents a day each. They breathe this atmosphere until their lungs grow heavy and sick with it. But they are uncowed; they continue to swagger. And at the top of the 'breaker' laborers can always be seen dumping the roaring coal down the wide, voracious maw of the creature.”—Stephen Crane, “In the Depths of a Coal Mine,” 1894*

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Crane describes young coal miners as mistreated but nonetheless

proud

Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, at the discretion of the court. -Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

Which of the following best represents an illegal action under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

Creating a large business that aims to eliminate market competition

From which country did the rate of emigration to the United States drop between the 1870's and the 1880's?

France

Which of the following technological innovations increased steel production, helping to spur industrialization?

development of the Bessemer Process

"Morals and values rise and fall together. If our combinations have no morals, they can have no values. If the tendency to combination is irresistible, control of it is imperative. Monopoly and antimonopoly, odious as these words have become to the literary ear, represent the two great tendencies of our time: monopoly, the tendency to combination; anti-monopoly, the demand for social control of it. As the man is bent toward business or patriotism, he will negotiate combinations or agitate for laws to regulate them. The first is capitalistic, the second is social. The first, industrial: the second, moral. The first promotes wealth; the second, citizenship." -Henry Lloyd , " The Lords of Industry , " 1884

In this text, which activity does Lloyd say shows a patriotic tendency?

regulating monopolies

\-Religious and political freedom \n -cheap land \n -factory jobs

\n Which of the following best completes the list of pull factors for immigration

Family in the United States

an entrepreneur is a type of

business person

which of the following economic systems is based on private investment for individual gain?

capitalism

The outcome of the Pullman strike set an important trend because

employers began using the Sherman anti trust act against labor union

According to the chart, which city grew the most between 1880 and 1890?

Chicago, IL

what was the main source of power in the earliest factories

running water

in the 19th century, collective bargaining was carried out between

employers and employees

"Not the looking forward made me go, but the looking backward made me search a new life and struggle a hard battle….\[I\]t is hard still now to bear the homesickness, loneliness, among strange people not knowing that language doing hard \[work\] without a minute of joy. But when I look back into my childhood…..always under a terrible fear…I think that there is not anything harder.”-young Russian Jewish woman

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Based on this statement, what mist likely motivated this immigrant to come to the United States?

religious persecution as a push factor

Both Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus warned that

governments must not interfere with the economic system

“This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves.”- Andrew Carnegie, “wealth,” 1889

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What is Carnegie’s message in the text above?

It is the responsibility of wealthy people to give back to society

The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed , and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor, who were seen as anarchists.

Haymarket riot

What excluded African Americans from voting, but allowed any man who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted

grandfather clause

an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

political machine

Unlike in the North, segregation in the south was

enforced by law

Which statement below best expresses the overall effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?

The decision established a doctrine of "separate but equal" facilities for non-white citizens

The supreme court case Wabash v Illinois established the principle that

only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce

“The city is the nerve center of our civilization. It is also the storm center.The rich are richer, and the poor are poorer, in the city than elsewhere; and, as a rule, the greater are the riches of the rich and the poverty of the poor.”-Josiah Strong, Our country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, 1885

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Based on this text, Strong feels that cities are characterized by their

inequality

In the post-Civil War era, which group of people faced the greatest discrimination on the West Coast?

Chinese immigrants

In this political cartoon, the large figures standing in the back of the room represent

monopolies

Under the terms of the Pendleton Civil Service Act, individuals who wanted to work for the government

had to take an exam to qualify

The populists hoped to beat the Democrats in the south by

appealing to poor whites and poor blacks

A view of society based on Charles Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection; stronger people, businesses, and nations would prosper and weaker ones would fail

Social Darwinism

(1883) federal law in the United States that establishes the rules and regulations regarding who could be hired for and retain jobs within the federal government

Pendleton Act

Another name for the spoils system, in which government or favors are given out to political allies and friends

patronage

"While waiting to hear my fate, I wrote poetry on the walls of the detention barracks on Angel Island." Who would have said this?

Asian immigrant

this was embraced in the 1800s and it said the government should not interfere with the economy. This "hands-off" free market allowed prices to drop making goods more affordable

Laissez-faire economics

In response to the ruling in Wabash v. Illinois, congress crated the

Interstate Commerce Commission

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Bessemer Process

“We have to put strict limits on immigration! These European anarchists, Catholics, and Chinese laborers will ruin the country and take away our jobs!”

Who would’ve said this?

Nativist

"survival of the fittest" applies to society as well as to biological evolution." Who would have said this

social darwinist

According to the excerpt, how will privileges be gained?

through continuing struggles

The supreme court set the stage for legalized segregation by overturning the

civil rights act of 1875

Which Political movement known as represented mainly farmers who wanted free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

populism

The Bessemer Process was crucial in the development of

skyscrapers

“The people are demoralized; most of the States have been compelled to isolate the voters at the polling places to prevent universal intimidation and bribery. The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, public opinion silenced, business prostrated, homes covered with mortgages, labor impoverished, and the land concentrating in the hands of capitalists. The urban workmen are denied the right to organize for self-protection, imported pauperized labor beats down their wages, a hireling standing army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them down, and they are rapidly degenerating into European conditions. The fruits of the toil of millions are badly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in the history of mankind; and the possessors of these, in turn, despise the Republic and endanger liberty”-Preamble, Populist party Platform, 1892

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When it was written, this excerpt from the Preamble was most likely written to appeal to

workers of all types

How did the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act affect Chinese immigrants?

The act banned any new Chinese Laborers from entering the United States

The white tenant lives adjoining the colored tenant. They are equally burdened with heavy taxes. They pay the same high rent...They pay the same enormous farm supplies..Now the people’s party says to these two men,’You are kept apart that you may be separately fleeced of your earnings…You are deceived and blinded that you may not see how this race antagonism perpetuates a monetary system which beggars both”-Thomas Watson,”The negro question in the south,” 1892

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Which argument is Thomas Watson making in this quote?

Conflict between the races has made it more difficult to achieve economic justice for the poor

Which of the following can be determined from the information in the two charts?

McKinley carried states with larger numbers of electoral votes

Character popularized by a slavery-era stage performer

jim crow

established the doctrine of "separate but equal"

Plessy v. Ferguson

Executions carried out by a mob without allowing the accused to appear in court

lynchings

assassinated a few months into his presidency

James A. Garfield

The idea that English speaking nations are superior

anglo saxonism

Policy that the United States would intervene in Latin America

Roosevelt Corollary

Section of a country where one foreign nation enjoyed special rights and powers

Sphere of influence

Extreme nationalism marked by an aggressive foreign policy

jingoism

What was Alfred T. Mahan best known for today?

transforming the United States into a naval power

"Today, we are raising more crops than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor." -Senator Albert J.

In this text, what economic program is senator beveridge calling for?

expansion of foreign trade

"Let us all be frank. WE DO NOT WANT THE FILIPINOS. WE DO WANT THE PHILIPPINES. All of our troubles in this annexation matter have been caused by the presence in the Philippine Islands of the Filipinos. . . . The more of them killed the better. It seems harsh. But they must yield before the superior race." —San Francisco Argonaut, 1902 \n \n This statement is most consistent with which philosophy or movement?

Social Darwinism