PLAN 1010 Midterm

Permeability (of streets and neighborhoods)

ease of movement of people and vehicles in an urban environment

Legibility (of urban landscapes)

elements- paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks
an area of which it is easy to form a mental map

Third Places

shared places, where one connects with other people

Mixed-Uses

multi-use, multi-purpose buildings that physically and functionally provide space to integrate residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and industrial uses

Adaptive Reuse

the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for

Urban Sprawl

the process of urban areas expanding outwards, resulting in developed areas taking up more space, often due to the desire to own land

has caused significant environmental degradation, increased car dependency, segregation, and decreased social atmosphere of living

Folded Map Project

Tonika Lewis Johnson photographed the north and south side of Chicago to show the impact of decades of (urban) segregation, and highlight the disparities in resources

Shrinking Cities

once dense cities that have experienced a notable population decline

ex. detroit, cleveland, new orleans

Home Gr/Own (Milwaukee)

initiative by mayor Tom Barret to transform neighborhoods by repurposing vacant lots and planting crops accessible to those in the cities

Links local growers to local markets, increases urban food infrastructure (water, access, compost), and supports new urban farms and healthy food retailers and wholesalers

Walking School Bus

groups of chaperoned children that walk to school together, similar to a school bus as the train of kids walk to certain designated 'stops'

Housing Wage (Out of reach Study)

the cost of living and renting a simple apartment is increasingly becoming too expensive to the average american

Kampung Admiralty (Singapore)

world's first integrated public development that brings together a mix of public facilities and services under one roof, it maximizes land use

Spanish Laws of the Indies

spanish laws set in 16th-18th centuries, that dictated life of spanish colonies

Spain’s influence on city planning in New World → guidelines on how towns/villages would be established in New world

1899 Building Height Act (Washington, DC)

restricted heights of DC buildings to the width of the street at the building front, established max height limits: 90 ft in residential areas , 110 ft in commercial areas

Dumbbell Tenements

tenement reform act enacted minimum requirements for light and air, dumbbell tenements were named after their shape, had shafts of air between buildings

City Beautiful Movement

shape american urban landscape like in Europe, Beaux-arts aesthetic

Hull House and Jane Addams

1889, settlement house in Chicago, served recently arrived European immigrants, offered social services: legal aide, employment office, childcare, etc.

Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities

reverse large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, which were becoming overpopulated

garden cities intend to provide rural districts with the economic opportunities of large industrial cities

The Equitable Building (1913)

building in Manhattan, tallest at the time, controversial as it didn't let a lot of light through, contributed to the building and zoning restrictions on vertical structures in Manhattan

1916 Zoning Resolution (NYC)

mainly to prevent large buildings from blocking too much light.

Levittown

post-WWII U.S. suburb, assembly line housing, signifies American ideal of the single-family home

Restrictive Covenants (Racial Covenants)

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person on basis race or religion, loan discrimination, ruled unconstitutional

Redlining and the HOLC (Home Owners' Loan Corporation)

Form of discrimination used in city planning, designates where in cities banks would loan money for housing which created segregation and poorer quality housing for specifically African-Americans.

Willis Carrier

American engineer who invented modern air conditioning

Interstate Highway Act of 1956

Act during Eisenhower, allowed for suburbanization, people work in city center, created jobs

disconnect from nature, highways take away natural land

Urban Renewal

Era of government supporting destruction of low income housing for high end housing and retail NYC, opposed by Jane Jacob, advocated by Robert Moses.

Jane Jacobs

Resident of Greenwich village in NYC, activist and author that supported bottom-up planning, social capital, and cities that function like ecosystems, opposed Robert Moses and urban renewal projects.

Border Vacuums

emerges when some kind of barrier seals what otherwise be accessible space to pedestrians.

Robert Moses

Planned and built the city of New York
Started urban renewal in many areas and advocated for highway system

Density (V. Overcrowding)

intensity of a given land use, advantages include economic, social, environmental, and health benefits, concerns include lack of solitude and spread of disease (not the same as overcrowding which is a housing measurement)

Barcelona's Superblocks

reclaiming space from cars for the sake of the public through consolidation of 3x3 “super”blocks throughout the city that forces traffic to drive around them, allows for more opportunities for neighborhood activities

The High Line (NYC)

Elevated park, greenway, and rail trail; built from the West Side railway in Manhattan; has increased the value of surrounding real estate and reimagined infrastructure as public space.

Salesforce Park (San Francisco)

a rooftop park that was integrally designed with the building in order to achieve expansive areas of soil to support large, healthy trees and shrubs, and to seamlessly tie into the architectural sustainability systems.

11th Street Bridge Park (Washington, DC)

DC’s first elevated public park, a space for healthy recreation, environmental education, and the arts

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

buying land rights of other areas and applying it to area one already has to increase density in said area and preserve the land of the bought area

Portland, OR

City with an UGB (Urban Growth Boundary), strong light rail system, high density, planned wilderness and park areas, high quality public transit, a strong planning community

people embrace urban design and city attractiveness, designed with intersections to make it more walkable and green elements to make it more sustainable.

Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)

An attempt to control sprawl by mandating that the area inside a determined barrier can be used for urban development and the area outside must be kept in its natural state or in some cases used for agriculture

Upzoning

rezoning from a less-intensive to a more-intensive use, accompanied by an increase in property value (windfall gain)

Infill Development

The re-dedication of abandoned or open space for new construction, eliminates wasted space in a community, solution to urban sprawl.

Brownfields, Greyfields, and Greenfields

• Brownfield – a former industrial site, contains hazardous contaminants.

• Greyfield – commercial areas that have been abandoned.

• Greenfield – Undeveloped section of land. Rarity.

Gentle Density

concept of building well-designed ground level housing, similar to stacked townhouses, rowhouses and other smaller spaces

Toronto

proponent of Gentle Density and low to midrise residential projects, sustainable urban land use patterns

Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) or “granny flats”

A second independent house or unit on a single family lot for rent or a family member.

ex. prefab company Dweller in Portland, OR

Charlottesville's FLUM (Future Land Use Map)

pushing to increase density in large swathes of the Charlottesville metro area, some objections from the local community

Boulder, CO

Boulder Valley Plan establishes Urban Service Standards, focus on protection of natural resources, green spaces, and limiting growth via City-County growth agreement

Vancouver, BC

"Living First Policy" : Rezoning 8 million square feet from commercial to residential areas and turning over old railroads along the waterfront for housing

EcoDensity

Urban planning policy that holds that higher density leads to better livability, affordability, and sustainability.

The 100 Year Life

the need to prepare for a sustainable future in terms of aging and infrastructure for an increasingly older population

15-Minute City

15-minute cities are accessible to everyone, without the need to drive

The Not So Big House (Sarah Susanka)

A book that makes people reconsider what they actually need to make a home feel like home; gives space conservative examples of what people can live in.

Quinta Monroy (Alejandro Aravena)

“half houses” and the promise of incremental housing options, offers framework for residents and community building

Aging in Place

The ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level.

Granny Pods

Housing for retired or old age relatives in the back or in the home of their families.

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs)

Community that has a large proportion of residents over the age of 60 that was not specifically planned or designed to meet the needs of senior living.

Beacon Hill Village

Member driven 50+ community that provides programs to lead a vibrant older age life.

Form-Based Codes

land development regulations that use renderings and visuals as organizing principles

better quality of life by fostering predictable built results

Visual Preference Surveys (VPS)

Used when designing zoning codes, planning redevelopment, and conducting urban planning research, participants in survey score images or future city plans.

Inclusionary Housing Requirements ("Inclusionary Zoning")

zoning regulations that mandate/incentivize certain percentage of development as affordable, requires healthy housing environment

ex. Atlanta's inclusionary zoning system

Missing Middle Housing

range of multi-unit housing types compatible for walkable urban living,

includes multiplex, duplex, apartment, and live-work buildings, called 'missing' because they are becoming less common

Community Land Trust

non profit org that develops affordable housing, community gardens, civic buildings, and commercial spaces for community

Mass Timber

new category of wood, revolutionized how America builds, comprised of multiple solid wood panels nailed or glued together

Dutch Hofjes

courtyards surrounded by houses typically utilized by aging or elderly citizens

Pocket Neighborhoods/Cottage Housing

Planned community consisting of groups of smaller residents around a courtyard or garden, alternative to sprawl, isolation, and expensive living.

Cohousing (e.g. Bakken, Trudeslund, NyLand)

Intentional community of private homes around a shared public space; creates social interactions and more time in the environment.

Village Homes (Davis, CA)

Planned community designed to be ecologically sustainable by harnessing the energies and natural resources that exists in the landscape especially for storm water and solar energy.

New Urbanism (e.g. Kentlands, Celebration)

Urban design movement, promotes environmentally friendly habits through walkable neighborhoods, wide range of housing and job types

Highway Caps (or Lids)

usually a bridge structure that crosses over freeways or highways in order to reconnect historically divided communities
involves walking access, green space

Freeway Park (Seattle)

first park in the world to be built atop a freewayrestore pedestrian access between Seattle's Downtown, Capitol Hill and First Hill neighborhoods

High Cost of Free Parking (Donald Shoup)

advocates for fair market pricing for parking, investing of parking revenue in local communities, removing requirements for off-street parking for new development

Ultra Small Vehicles (USVs)

vehicles designed for commutes and shorter-range trips that have the capacity to reduce traffic congestion and make more efficient use of space

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

bus systems that incorporate dedicated bus routes/lanes, causing buses to operate more like fixed rail infrastructure
allows for buses to run more efficiently

Trackless Trams

similar to light-rail vehicles but using rubber wheels and driving on streets
advantages of light-rail and bus transit systems without the downsides of traditional buses

Complete Streets

reimagining wide streets for all potential users
incorporates space for bikers, pedestrians, drivers

Road Diet

the cutting down of multi-lane roads into three to two lane streets
uses newfound space for bike lanes and wide sidewalks

School Streets

zones around schools and in school districts that designate pedestrian access to and from schools

Congestion Pricing

pricing strategy of charging drivers for operating cars, usually in traffic-prone areas, during hours of peak usage

Tactical Urbanism

A collection of low-cost, temporary changes to the built environment to improve local neighborhoods and city gathering places.

Naked Streets and Intersections

removing signage and marking from roads and intersections
forces drivers to slow down, obey and interpret traffic laws

Intersection Repair

conversion of urban, neighborhood intersections into public squares through art and community engagement
ex. Portland, Oregon

Build a Better Block

a tactical urbanist approach to repurposing underperforming, auto-centric strips and spaces
- temporarily reimagined through public art, community events, etc.

Guerilla Wayfinding

Form of tactical urbanism, leads pedestrians to nearby community spaces and park, involves planting in areas not commissioned to landscapers.

Mental Speedbumps

involves the use of naked street principles, but also building a complete street life/environment in order to slow down traffic

Parklets

conversion of parallel parking spaces, congested sidewalks, and other narrowly paved areas to public spaces
often incorporates seating, green space

Last Mile Problem “First and Last Mile Problem"

challenge of getting to and from transit stations, often to final destination
solutions include bike racks on buses

Micromobility

small, lightweight devices operating speeds lower than 15mph for trips up to 10 km → electric scooters, bicycles, skateboards

Miami's Underline

unused space below elevated metro rail made into an urban park
10 miles of public space, urban trails, art displays

Ciclovia (Bogota)

biking is very normalized → bike traffic lights

the closing of streets every Sunday for bikes and other micromobile transit options
festival atmosphere involving partying, food, etc.

Velib Bicycles, Paris

en masse bike sharing program that served as precedent around the world
public bikes, insert euro to start and return to get euro back

Parks Rx

non-profit organization that seeks to prescribe nature as part of healthcare
prioritizes fresh air, access to nature as a prescription just like any drug

Social Infrastructure

places that facilitate social interaction and relationship building
ex. parks, churches, schools

Medellin's Library Parks

merging green space and libraries
intermediary spaces that provide both civic, social, and green infrastructure

Bryant Park

New York City park that transitioned from neglected space to model public space
opened up to public seating, programming, quality maintenance, "good use drives out bad"

Street Parks (San Francisco)

linear, not very wide parks, civic + biophilic spaces

initiative to convert roadway medians into parks via neighborhood maintenance and local stewards

"Park in a Truck"

IKEA for parks
configurable design process that is inexpensive and convenient
materials arrive via truck shipment to be constructed by communities/neighborhoods

Pavement to Parks

conversion of paved spaces to parks, public space
similar to parklets, repurposes/reclaims space from cars
often focuses on underutilized street spaces

The Bentway (Toronto)

unused space under elevated expressway that was repurposed into public space

Biophilia

innate, emotional affiliation of human beings to nature, other organisms

Biophilic Cities

interior (nature decor)+ outer (green growing on buildings) biophilia

Fractals

self-repeating shapes or forms
grabs your attention, but doesn't wear down your concentration

ex. Tree branches

Forest Bathing

can relieve stress

immersive experiences in forests, studies show a decrease in cortisol levels, boost in immune system