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Herbert Hoover
Hoover was blamed for the Great Depression; homeless shelters called “Hoovervilles"; cut taxes and increased spending for public works; Revenue Act; expanded credit
FDR’s Response to the Great Depression
New Deal; fireside chats; alphabet agencies; Emergency Banking Act; bank holiday
Great Depression
unemployment, poverty, and despair among people; became widespread a year after Wall Street collapsed in 1929
Banking Crisis
banks unable to stay open; people who had money in banks that closed lost their money; FDR called a “bank holiday”
Fireside Chats
radio chats hosted by FDR to keep the nation “informed and inspired”; informal
Three R’s of the New Deal
recovery, reform, and relief
Appeasement
Chamberlain and Daladier agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland - but nothing more; “peace for our time”; Hitler took Czechoslovakia
D-Day
Operation Overlord; June 6, 1944; Allies landed on 5 beaches in Normandy, France; largest invasion in history; France, Holland, and Belgium were freed
Start of WWII
Hitler invaded Poland in 1939
Pearl Harbor
Dec 7, 1941; Japanese warplanes attacked Pearl Harbor; 300 aircraft destroyed in 3 hours; not a complete success for either
Atomic Bomb
Allies wanted Japan to surrender; first bomb dropped on August 6 on Hiroshima; second dropped on August 9 in Nagasaki; Japanese surrendered on August 14
FDR’s Presidency
committed to forming the UN; served four terms; died 8 weeks after Yalta
Cold War
began in 1945; ended in 1991; US and USSR had a severe mistrust of each other; US was worried about Communism spreading; USSR was mad at US for entering the war so late
Brown v. Board of Education
US Supreme Court ruled it was illegal to segregate schools; “separate is not equal"; created legal foundation to challenge segregation law; NAACP won
Civil Rights Movement
During the 1960s, more and more Americans started supporting the legitimate demand for equal rights for all black Americans; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act of 1965; 24th Amendment
Interstate Highway System
is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Highway System in the United States; Dwight D Eisenhower
Berlin Wall
“peaceful coexistence”; Soviets and Americans clashed over Berlin; Berlin Wall was erected to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin
New Frontier
the name of Kennedy’s legislative program; Peace Corps; Alliance for Progress
JFK Presidency
nominated in 1960; 1st televised debates between presidential candidates; Youngest person ever elected; first catholic president; embodied a dramatic change; appealed to patriotism; assassinated in 1963
Vietnam War
US was helping South Vietnam to defend against Communism from the North and Viet Cong- pro-communist South Vietnamese guerrillas; Gulf of Tonkin; Tet Offensive; Paris Peace Talks; war was said to be unwinnable; lack of commitment from the public
Space Race
race between US and USSR for the technology and space exploration; began in 1955; Soviets put the first man-made satellite in orbit in 57 with Sputnik I and the first man in space in 61; America landed the first man on the moon in 69
Medicare
government health insurance program to help elderly people pay for medical care
Roe v. Wade
1973; the Supreme Court declared that most state laws that restricted abortion were unconstitutional
Impeachment
a charge of misconduct made against the holder of a public office; if the official is convicted they are removed from office
Gerald Ford’s Presidency
initially replaced Spiro Agnew as V.P.; reputation as a decent and honest man; Nixon pardon; first person to serve as president who had never been elected as president or vice president; many countries fell to communism and the economy was sluggish
25th Amendment
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Stagflation
high inflation and high unemployment experienced at the same time
Nixon Pardon
Ford pardoned Nixon from any crimes he may have committed; caused Ford’s popularity to fall
Watergate
in 1973 police arrested 5 burglars who had broken into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Office Complex; the Watergate Affair called for further investigation revealing a pattern of questionable and illegal activities- Spiro Agnew taking bribes, Nixon’s recording devices in the Oval Office
Carter Doctrine
the US would resist any Soviet attempt to push farther south into the Persian Gulf
Iranian Hostage Crisis
when Carter allowed the Shah into the US, angered Iranians took 50+ Americans hostage; sanctions, negotiations, world opinions, and military rescues failed; hostages were released when the next president was inaugurated
SALT II Treaty
was to limit the number and kinds of nuclear weapons of the Soviets and Americans; failed to pass because of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan- muhajjadeen
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would invalidate many state and federal laws that discriminate against women; its central underlying principle is that sex should not determine the legal rights of men or women; failed to be ratified
Ronald Reagan’s Presidency
Reagan Revolution; Reaganomics; Economic Tax Recovery Act of 1981; budged deficit, national debt increased; economy rebounded in 1983; Reagan Doctrine; START; Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty; Strategic Defense Initiative; Iran-Contra Affair ruined second term; increased military budget
Grenada
US invaded and established a new, anti-Communist government; meant to send a message to stop Communism
Contras
anti-Communist guerrillas in Nicaragua
Sandra Day O’Connor
the first female associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; She was both the first woman nominated and the first confirmed to the court; Nominated by Ronald Reagan in 1981
Iran-Contra Affair
members of the National Security Council sold weapons to Iran in exchange for help releasing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms deal was sent to help the Contras; urt Reagan’s Reputation
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
nicknamed the "Star Wars program", was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons; announced by President Ronald Reagan
Reaganomics
Reagan’s prescription for America’s inflation ills was supply-side economics; higher productivity and a larger supply of goods help lower prices and energize the economy by providing fuller employment; “trickle-down economics”
Mikhail Gorbachev
leader of the Soviet Union; called for perestroika “restructuring” and glasnost “openness”; START; INF Treaty
US Patriot Act
signed in 2001 to fight terrorism and increase safety by George W Bush
Department of Homeland Security
the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security; Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management; It began operations in 2003, formed as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in response to the September 11 attacks.
Gulf War
a 1990–1991 armed campaign in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm; came to a close with the American-led Liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991.
Osama Bin Laden
founder of Al Qaeda; planned the 9/11 attacks; subject of a decade long manhunt; killed on May 2, 2011
Impeached Presidents
Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021; Nixon faced inquiries but resigned
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Flashcard (48)