Chapter 4 - Personality & values

Collectivism

________: national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Femininity

________: national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Core self

________ evaluation: degree to which an individual likes /dislikes himself /herself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his /her environment or powerless over the environment.

Machiavellianism

________: degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means.

Conscientiousness

________: personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent and organized.

Agreeableness

________: personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative and trusting.

Emotional stability

________: personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self confident, secure (positive) VS nervous, depressed and insecure (negative)

Extroversion

________: personality dimension that describes someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive.

Weakness

________: it forces people into being one way or the other, there is no in- between you are either introverted or extroverted.

Narcissism

________: tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self importance, require excessive admiration and have a sense of entitlement.

Personality

________: sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

self awareness

Strength: good tool that provides career guidance and increases ________.

Risk

________- taking → managers in large organizations may be more willing to take ________ than entrepreneurs.

Heredity

________: factors determined at conception; ones biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup.

aggressive involvement

Type A personality: ________ in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and if necessary against the opposing efforts of other things other people.

Power distance

________: national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Short term orientation

________: national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.

Uncertainty avoidance

________: national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

Proactive personality

________: people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

________ (MBTI): personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Societal values

________ are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Self monitoring

________: personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his /her behavior to external, situational factors.

Individualism

________: national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as ________ rather than as members of groups.

Masculinity

________: national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.

Long term orientation

________: national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift and persistence.

personality

Measuring ________ can be used in hiring decisions and forecasting who is better for a job.

Personality

________- job fit: theory that identifies six ________ types and proposes that the fit between ________ type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Personality

Sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others

Heredity

Factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup

Personality traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

4 characteristics of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Extroverted VS introverted, sensing VS intuitive, thinking VS feeling and judging VS perceiving

Big Five personality model

Personality assessment model that taps 5 basic dimensions

5 dimensions of Big Five personality model

Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience

Extroversion

Personality dimension that describes someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive

Agreeableness

Personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative and trusting

Conscientiousness

Personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent and organized

Emotional stability

Personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self confident, secure (positive) VS nervous, depressed and insecure (negative)

Openness to experience

Personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity and curiosity

Core-self evaluation

Degree to which an individual likes/dislikes himself/herself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his/her environment or powerless over the environment

Machiavellianism

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify means

Narcissism

Tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self importance, require excessive admiration and have a sense of entitlement

Self-monitoring

Personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his/her behavior to external, situational factors

Risk-taking

Managers in large organizations may be more willing to take risks than entrepreneurs

Type A personality

Aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and if necessary against the opposing efforts of other things other people

Proactive personality

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs

Situation-strength theory

Theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation

Trait Activation Theory (TAT)

Theory that predicts that some situations, events or interventions “activate” a trait more than others

Values

Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence

Value system

Hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity

Terminal values

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during their lifetime

Instrumental values

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values

Personality-job fit

Theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover

Person-organization fit

Theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values and leave when there is not compatibility

Hofstede’s framework for assessing cultures

Power distance, individualism VS collectivism, masculinity VS femininity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation VS short-term orientation

Power distance

National culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally

Individualism

National culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups

Collectivism

National culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them

Masculinity

National culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism

Femininity

National culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society

Uncertainty avoidance

National culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them

Long-term orientation

National culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift and persistence

Short-term orientation

National culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change

GLOBE framework for assessing cultures

Similar to Hofstede’s, but with 2 added dimensions: humane orientation and performance orientation