QUIZ

Skeletal muscle

Responsible for voluntary movement.

Cardiac muscle

Responsible for the heart beating.

Endomysium

Connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle.

Sarcomere

Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle.

Elasticity

Allows skeletal muscle to return to its original resting length.

Skeletal muscle contraction

Causes heat production in the body.

Smooth muscle

Involved in propelling food in the digestive tract.

Intercalated disks

Found in cardiac muscle.

Troponin

Provides a calcium binding site on actin myofilaments.

Origin

Most stationary end of a muscle.

Voluntary control

Characteristic of skeletal muscle.

Gap junctions

Present in smooth muscle to allow action potentials to spread.

Striations

Refers to muscle tissue having transverse bands.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.

Sarcomere

Structure involved in muscle contraction composed of actin and myosin.

Agonist

Muscle acting in opposition to an agonist.

Hypertrophy

Muscle contraction type that can lead to hypertrophy.

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in myofilaments.

Intercalated disks

Structure in cardiac muscle cells allowing action potential conduction.

Smooth muscle

Influenced by hormones such as epinephrine.

Fibromyalgia

Condition involving chronic muscle pain syndrome.

Retinaculum

Connective tissue holding down tendons at each wrist and ankle.

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

Flaccid

Condition when the muscle has no tone due to severed nerve supply.

Actin myofilaments

Structure attached to the Z disk.

Agonist

Muscle that accomplishes a certain movement.

Smooth muscle contraction

Under involuntary control.

Muscle hypertrophy

The increase in muscle size due to an increase in the size of muscle cells.

Muscle atrophy

The decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the size of muscle cells.

Destruction of acetylcholine receptors

A condition involving the chronic progressive autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.

Inflammation of tendons

A condition characterized by the inflammation of tendons.

Extensibility

The muscle characteristic that allows it to be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond.

Sarcomere

The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle capable of contracting.

Skeletal muscle

The muscle type responsible for maintaining posture.

Sarcomere

A structure composed of actin and myosin myofilaments.

Myasthenia gravis

A condition involving chronic progressive autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.

Cardiac muscle

The muscle type involved in heart contraction.

Rectum

The part of the large intestine that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon.

Bile

A digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Transverse Colon

The part of the large intestine between the ascending colon and the descending colon.

Pepsin

An enzyme produced in the stomach that helps digest proteins.

Mesentery

A fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach to the transverse colon.

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the digestive tract responsible for absorption and secretion.

Greater Omentum

The mesentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.

Peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Hepatitis

An inflammation of the liver.

Peyer's Patches

Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine involved in immune responses.

Larynx

Also known as the voice box.

Pneumonia

Primarily affects the alveoli.

Ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Upper respiratory tract

Includes nose, pharynx, and larynx but excludes the trachea.

Gas exchange

Occurs in the alveoli.

Epiglottis

The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.

Emphysema

Characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls.

Tidal volume

Refers to the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle involved in respiration.

Bronchi

Primarily affected in asthma, a disorder.

Medulla oblongata

Location of the respiratory center.

Hemoglobin

Important for transporting gases in red blood cells.

Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs.

COPD

Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Nasal cavity

Function is to filter, warm, and humidify air.

Carbon dioxide

The primary driver for breathing.

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.

Surfactant

Reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

Infants

Commonly experience respiratory distress syndrome.

Pulmonary veins

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via these.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation.

Carbon monoxide

Poisoning occurs as it binds to hemoglobin.

Pharynx

Part of both the respiratory and digestive systems.

Voice production

Occurs in the larynx.

Alveoli

Walls are formed by simple squamous epithelium.

Cilia

Play a role in sweeping mucus and debris out of the lungs.

Gas exchange

Primary site in the lungs is the alveoli.

Asthma

Characterized by inflamed, narrow airways.

Trachea

Connects the larynx to the bronchi.

Vital capacity

Refers to the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

Medulla oblongata

Controls the basic rhythm of breathing.

Oxygen

The main gas carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Eustachian tube

Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

Cartilage rings

Prevent collapse of the trachea.

Residual volume

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

Pulmonary fibrosis

Known for the thickening and scarring of lung tissue.

Smoking

Primary cause of lung cancer.

Respiratory membrane

Consists of the alveolar and capillary walls.

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues.

Nitrogen

The main component of the air we breathe.

Pulmonary edema

Condition where fluid accumulates in the alveoli.

Nasal conchae

Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.

Intercostal muscles

Assist the diaphragm in expanding the thoracic cavity.

Hypoxia

Condition of low oxygen levels in the blood.

Carbon dioxide

The respiratory system helps eliminate this gas.

Glottis

Opening between the vocal cords.

Pharynx

Common passageway for both air and food.

Mucus

Role in the respiratory system is to filter particles and pathogens.

Pulmonary Surfactant

Produced by Type II alveolar cells to reduce surface tension in the alveoli

Hypercapnia

Condition of excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the blood

Emphysema

Disease causing alveoli enlargement and fusion

Medulla Oblongata

Controls the respiratory rate

Carbon Dioxide

Gas crucial in regulating the respiratory rate