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Skeletal muscle
Responsible for voluntary movement.
Cardiac muscle
Responsible for the heart beating.
Endomysium
Connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle.
Sarcomere
Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle.
Elasticity
Allows skeletal muscle to return to its original resting length.
Skeletal muscle contraction
Causes heat production in the body.
Smooth muscle
Involved in propelling food in the digestive tract.
Intercalated disks
Found in cardiac muscle.
Troponin
Provides a calcium binding site on actin myofilaments.
Origin
Most stationary end of a muscle.
Voluntary control
Characteristic of skeletal muscle.
Gap junctions
Present in smooth muscle to allow action potentials to spread.
Striations
Refers to muscle tissue having transverse bands.
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.
Sarcomere
Structure involved in muscle contraction composed of actin and myosin.
Agonist
Muscle acting in opposition to an agonist.
Hypertrophy
Muscle contraction type that can lead to hypertrophy.
Atrophy
Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in myofilaments.
Intercalated disks
Structure in cardiac muscle cells allowing action potential conduction.
Smooth muscle
Influenced by hormones such as epinephrine.
Fibromyalgia
Condition involving chronic muscle pain syndrome.
Retinaculum
Connective tissue holding down tendons at each wrist and ankle.
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
Flaccid
Condition when the muscle has no tone due to severed nerve supply.
Actin myofilaments
Structure attached to the Z disk.
Agonist
Muscle that accomplishes a certain movement.
Smooth muscle contraction
Under involuntary control.
Muscle hypertrophy
The increase in muscle size due to an increase in the size of muscle cells.
Muscle atrophy
The decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the size of muscle cells.
Destruction of acetylcholine receptors
A condition involving the chronic progressive autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.
Inflammation of tendons
A condition characterized by the inflammation of tendons.
Extensibility
The muscle characteristic that allows it to be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond.
Sarcomere
The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle capable of contracting.
Skeletal muscle
The muscle type responsible for maintaining posture.
Sarcomere
A structure composed of actin and myosin myofilaments.
Myasthenia gravis
A condition involving chronic progressive autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.
Cardiac muscle
The muscle type involved in heart contraction.
Rectum
The part of the large intestine that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon.
Bile
A digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Transverse Colon
The part of the large intestine between the ascending colon and the descending colon.
Pepsin
An enzyme produced in the stomach that helps digest proteins.
Mesentery
A fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach to the transverse colon.
Mucosa
The innermost layer of the digestive tract responsible for absorption and secretion.
Greater Omentum
The mesentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
Hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver.
Peyer's Patches
Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine involved in immune responses.
Larynx
Also known as the voice box.
Pneumonia
Primarily affects the alveoli.
Ventilation
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Upper respiratory tract
Includes nose, pharynx, and larynx but excludes the trachea.
Gas exchange
Occurs in the alveoli.
Epiglottis
The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.
Emphysema
Characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls.
Tidal volume
Refers to the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
Diaphragm
The primary muscle involved in respiration.
Bronchi
Primarily affected in asthma, a disorder.
Medulla oblongata
Location of the respiratory center.
Hemoglobin
Important for transporting gases in red blood cells.
Pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs.
COPD
Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Nasal cavity
Function is to filter, warm, and humidify air.
Carbon dioxide
The primary driver for breathing.
Epiglottis
Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
Infants
Commonly experience respiratory distress syndrome.
Pulmonary veins
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via these.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation.
Carbon monoxide
Poisoning occurs as it binds to hemoglobin.
Pharynx
Part of both the respiratory and digestive systems.
Voice production
Occurs in the larynx.
Alveoli
Walls are formed by simple squamous epithelium.
Cilia
Play a role in sweeping mucus and debris out of the lungs.
Gas exchange
Primary site in the lungs is the alveoli.
Asthma
Characterized by inflamed, narrow airways.
Trachea
Connects the larynx to the bronchi.
Vital capacity
Refers to the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.
Medulla oblongata
Controls the basic rhythm of breathing.
Oxygen
The main gas carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Eustachian tube
Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.
Cartilage rings
Prevent collapse of the trachea.
Residual volume
The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation.
Pulmonary fibrosis
Known for the thickening and scarring of lung tissue.
Smoking
Primary cause of lung cancer.
Respiratory membrane
Consists of the alveolar and capillary walls.
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues.
Nitrogen
The main component of the air we breathe.
Pulmonary edema
Condition where fluid accumulates in the alveoli.
Nasal conchae
Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.
Intercostal muscles
Assist the diaphragm in expanding the thoracic cavity.
Hypoxia
Condition of low oxygen levels in the blood.
Carbon dioxide
The respiratory system helps eliminate this gas.
Glottis
Opening between the vocal cords.
Pharynx
Common passageway for both air and food.
Mucus
Role in the respiratory system is to filter particles and pathogens.
Pulmonary Surfactant
Produced by Type II alveolar cells to reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Hypercapnia
Condition of excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the blood
Emphysema
Disease causing alveoli enlargement and fusion
Medulla Oblongata
Controls the respiratory rate
Carbon Dioxide
Gas crucial in regulating the respiratory rate