PN 111-4

total placenta previa

An ultrasound of a woman who is 32 weeks pregnant reveals the placenta implanted over the entire cervical os. The nurse understands that this condition is known as:

Missed abortion

Increased bleeding, cramping, cervix dilates

Cause of increase in urinary frequency during pregnancy

Uterus compresses bladder

Prevention of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Vitamin B6

Reduce the risk of neural tube defects

Adequate stores of folic acid are needed before conception to

BP, fetal hr, urine protein

A third-trimester client is being seen for routine prenatal care. Which of the following assessments will the nurse perform during the visit?

Abdominal striae

Stretch marks

Mucous plug

Seals cervical canal during pregnancy

Baby at 14 weeks

External genitalia can be observed on ultrasound

oogenesis

Formation of ova

Eclampsia

Seizures that occur during a woman's pregnancy or shortly after giving birth

Amniotic fluid

the fluid surrounding a __fetus__ within the __amnion__

Amniotic membrane

the innermost layer of the placenta and consists of a thick basement membrane and an avascular stromal matrix

Blastocyst

Days 5-6. A rapidly dividing ball of cells

Cervix

The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

Chorion

the __outermost__ membrane surrounding an __embryo__ of a reptile, bird, or mammal. In mammals (including humans), it contributes to the formation of the __placenta__.

Colostrum

the first __secretion__ from the __mammary__ __glands__ after giving birth, rich in antibodies

Corpus Luteum

a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an __ovary__ after an __ovum__ has been discharged but __degenerates__ after a few days unless pregnancy has begun

Dizygotic twins

Two separate eggs (ova) are fertilised by two separate sperm

Ductus arteriosus

a blood vessel that allows blood to go around the baby's lungs before birth

Ductus venosus

a shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and is essential for normal fetal circulation

Embryo

approximately the second to the eighth week after __fertilization__

Endometrium

the __mucous__ membrane lining the __uterus__, which __thickens__ during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo

Epimetrium

a fold of the peritoneum. Covers the upper surface of the uterus.

Estrogen

This group of hormones helps develop the female sexual traits

Follicle stimulating hormone

a hormone __secreted__ by the anterior __pituitary__ gland which promotes the formation of __ova__ or sperm

Foraman ovale

a hole between the left and right atria (upper chambers) of the heart

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Hcg)

a hormone for the maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells that are surrounding a growing embryo, which eventually forms the placenta after implantation.

Human placental lactogen (Hpl)

appetite stimulant and for its effects on maternal metabolism. It promotes lipolysis, which increases circulating free fatty acid levels, and in the past it was also thought to act as an insulin antagonist, thereby raising maternal blood glucose concentrations.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is known as ovulation

Microencephaly

a condition where a baby's head is much smaller than expected

Monozygotic twins

also called identical twins, occur when a single egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell

Myometrium

the smooth muscle tissue of the __uterus__.

Placenta

an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it.

Progesterone

to prepare the endometrium (lining of your uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow

Relaxin

relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix

Teratogen

an agent or factor which causes __malformation__ of an __embryo__

Testosterone

regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm

Umbilical cord

This structure allows for the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the maternal circulation into fetal circulation while simultaneously removing waste products from fetal circulation to be eliminated maternally

Villi

transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the future baby throughout pregnancy

Wharton’s jelly

provide cushion, protection, and structural support to umbilical vessels by preventing their compression, torsion, and bending

Anemia

a hemoglobin concentration of less than 11.0 g/dL in the first trimester and less than 10.5 or 11.0 g/dL in the second or third trimester

Ballottement

a technique of feeling for a movable object in the body, esp confirmation of pregnancy by feeling the rebound of the fetus following a quick digital tap on the wall of the uterus

Chadwick’s sign

a non-specific, early sign of pregnancy that is typically characterized by a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and vulva

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination

Goodell’s sign

a probable sign of pregnancy, characterized by softening of the cervix

Hegar’s sign

Softening of the lower uterus

Hemorroids’s

swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins

Kegel exercise

denoting exercises performed by a woman to strengthen the __pelvic__ floor muscles, involving __repetitions__ of both sustained and rapid voluntary __contractions__ of the muscles and used especially to treat urinary incontinence and improve sexual function.

Linea nigra

a dark line that develops on your stomach during pregnancy

Melasma

a skin condition that causes patches and spots, usually on the face, which are darker than your natural skin tone

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaque of pregnancy (PUPPP)

occur most often during the last month of pregnancy and only rarely appear in the postpartum period. The rash consists of itchy small erythematous and edematous papules and plaques usually first start in the stretch marks, typically with periumbilical sparing

Quickening

when a pregnant person starts to feel their baby's movement in their uterus (womb)

Striae gravidarum

atrophic linear scars that represent one of the most common connective tissue changes during pregnancy

Varicose veins

a common condition caused by weak or damaged vein walls and valves

Supine Hypotension (Vena caval syndrome)

caused when the gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena cava when a pregnant woman is in a supine position, leading to decreased venous return centrally

Amniocentesis

a test you may be offered during pregnancy to check if your baby has a genetic or chromosomal condition, such as Down's syndrome, Edwards' syndrome or Patau's syndrome. It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells from amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb (uterus)

Antepartum

consists of the all-encompassing management of patients throughout their pregnancy course

Bimanual examination

used to check a woman's internal pelvic organs. The health care provider inserts two fingers into the vagina and then places pressure with the other hand to the lower part of the belly

Gravida

a pregnant woman. often used with a number to indicate the number of pregnancies a woman has had

Lithotomy position

a supine position of the body with the legs separated, __flexed__, and supported in raised __stirrups__, originally used for __lithotomy__ and later also for childbirth

Naegele’s rule

Add seven days to the first day of your LMP and then subtract three months to calculate due date

Papanicolaou (Pap) test

method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix or colon

Para

the number of times a patient has given birth to a viable child

Viability

The ability for a fetus to live outside the womb. 20 weeks

Leukorrhea

refers to the natural secretions that are released from a woman's vagina

Morbidity

any health condition attributed to and/or aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth that has negative outcomes to the woman's well-being

Mortality

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 1 year of the end of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy

Neural tube defects

occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine. These types of birth defects develop very early during pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant.

Nocturia

Having to pee frequently throughout the night

Oligohydramnios

too little amniotic fluid

Pica

an eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food.

Polyhydramnios

Having too much amniotic fluid

Thrombosis

local __coagulation__ or __clotting__ of the blood in a part of the __circulatory__ system

Abortion

Termination of a pregnancy. Either intentional or unintentional

Cerclage

A procedure in which the cervical opening is closed with stitches to prevent or delay preterm birth.

Cervical incompetence

occurs when weak cervical tissue causes or contributes to premature birth or the loss of an otherwise healthy pregnancy

Choriocarcinoma

A malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta).

Dilation and curettage

Dilation and curettage refers to the dilation of the cervix and surgical removal of part of the lining of the uterus and/or contents of the uterus by scraping and scooping

Ectopic pregnancy

occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus

Elective abortion

Intentional termination of a pregnancy

Hydatidiform mole

A noncancerous tumor that develops in the uterus as a result of a nonviable pregnancy

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Insulin resistance

when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don't respond well to insulin and can't easily take up glucose from your blood.

Isoimmunization

A condition that happens when a pregnant woman's blood protein is incompatible with the baby's, causing her immune system to react and destroy the baby's blood cells

Ketones

chemical that your liver produces when it breaks down fats.

Placenta abruptio

A serious pregnancy complication in which the placenta detaches from the womb (uterus).

Placenta accreta

a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall.

Placenta previa

the placenta has implanted at the bottom of the uterus, over the cervix or close by, which means the baby can't be born vaginally

Pre-eclampsia

high blood pressure and signs of liver or kidney damage that occur in women after the 20th week of pregnancy.

Salpingectomy

surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes.

Salpingostomy

the creation of an opening into the fallopian tube, but the tube itself is not removed in this procedure

Threatened abortions

vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks gestational age in the setting of a positive urine and/or blood pregnancy test with a closed cervical os, without passage of products of conception and without evidence of a fetal or embryonic demise.

Vas deferens

Carries mature sperm, then meets with the ducts to form the ejaculatory ducts

Fallopian tubes

Passage for sperm to ovum, site of fertilization

Ovaries

Production of hormones (estrogen & progesterone), stimulation of an ovum’s maturation during each menstrual cycle

Testes

Manufacture male germ cells, secrete male hormones

Epididymis

Stores and carries the sperm to the penis

Some semen are released before ejaculation

  A woman can become pregnant even if the male “pulls out” before ejaculation because: