chapter 13 psychology smc

personality

conscious mind

what you are aware of now

preconscious mind

Memories and information you’re not currently thinking about, but can easily recall.

unconscious mind

Deep, hidden memories, desires, and fears that influence behavior even though you’re unaware of them.

id

Present at birth; operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification of desires). deepest desires and most buried

ego

Develops to deal with reality; operates on the reality principle (balances desires with real-world limits).

super ego

Represents moral values and ideals learned from parents and society; acts as a conscience.

psycho analytic theory

Freud’s theory that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious motives, conflicts, and early childhood experiences.

pleasure principle

drive to seek immiedite gratification without considering the consequences

reality principle

the understanding that desires can only be fulfilled in ways that are realistic and socially acceptable 

psychosexual stages

Freud’s developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) in which different areas of the body are sources of pleasure and conflict.

oral stage

birth → 1 year old

anal stage

1 → 3 years old

phallic stage

3 → 6 years old

latency stage

6yrs old → puberty

genital stage

puberty → adulthood

erogenous zone

area of the body that produces pleasurable feelings at each stage

conflict

the challenge the child must resolve to move on healthily to the next stage

fixation

a “stuck” point. when a conflict isn’t fully resolved, parts of the personality remain tied to that stage, affecting adult behavior.

identifcation

the process of adopting the same sex parents values, morals, and behaviors. crucial for developing the super ego

neo-freudians

early psychoanalysts who broke away from Freuds strict emphasis on sexuality and biology but retained key ideas such as the id, superego, ego and defense mechanisms. they focused on social environment, culture, and relationships as key forces shaping personality

personal unconscious (jung)

jungs version of freuds unconscious - contains personal memories, fears, and expierences

collective unconscious (jung)

a shared, inherited memory common to all humans which includes themes and symbols found across cultures

archetypes (jung)

universal symbolic images and patterns stored in the collective unconscious

anima/animus (jung)

the feminine side of a man (anima) and the masculine side of a woman (animus)

shadow (jung)

the dark, hidden, or socially unacceptable side of ones personality

persona (jung)

the “mask” or social face one presents to the world. the outward personality

inferiority complex (adler)

feelings of inferiority that develop in childhood when comparing oneself to stronger adults

striving for superiority (adler)

the main motivating force behind human behavior. people strive to overcome weaknesses and achieve ones confidence

compensation (adler)

a defense mechanism: trying to overcome real or imaginary weaknesses by excelling in other areas

birth order theory (adler)

personality traits are influenced by a persons position in the family (no lasting effect on personality or intelligence)

womb envy (horney)

the idea that men envy womens ability to bear children compensating by striving for success in other ways

basic anxiety (horney

the sense of helplessness and fear felt by a child in a large threatening world

neurotic personalities (horney)

maladaptive coping styles that develop from insecure childhoods

coping strategies (horney)

three patterns of dealing with anxiety

system 1 thinking

fast, automatic, emotional thinking (unconscious)

system 2 thinking

slow, delibrate and logical thinking (conscious)

type 3 (proposed) thinking

deep unconscious thought that continues working on problems outside awareness

habit

a well learned automatic pattern of behavior

reinforcement

any event that strengthens behavior or makes it more likely to occur again

classical conditioning (pavlov)

learned by associating one stimulus with another

operant conditioning (skinner)

learning based on consequences (rewards and punishment)

social cognitive theory (bandura)

a theory combining behavioral learning with cognitive processes such as thinking, judging, and expectations

reciprocal determinism (bandura)

the idea that behavior, personal/cognitive factors, and the environment all influence each other in a continuous cycle.

social learning theory (rotter)

personality is a set of learned potential responses to situations, shaped by reinforcement

expectancy (rotter)

subjective belief that a behavior will lead to a particular outcome; similiar to self efficacy

internal locus of control

belief that your own actions and decisions directly influence outcomes in your life

external locus of control

belief that luck, fate or powerful others control what happen in your life

humanistic perspective

what makes people uniquely human such as subjective experiences, emotions, and the freedom to choose one’s own destiny.

self actualizing tendency

the innate drive to fulfill ones potential and become everything one is capable of becoming 

self concept

a persons overall perception of themselves

humanistic critique

humanistic theory paints an overly optimistic view of human nature, focusing on growth and positive traits while downplaying negative behaviors like sociopathy, aggresion or terrorism

trait theories (raymond cattel)

theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

surface traits

those found by Allport, representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people. (outward expressions)

source traits

the more basic traits that underly surface traits, forming the core of personality

OCEAN

openness, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

geographical psychology

looking at how local environments and regions, such as the neighborhood, city, or state you live in, might affect individual behavior

trait situation interaction

the particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed

behavioral genetics

field of study dedicated to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

direct observation

psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of home, school, or workplace, for example.

frequency count

amount of times (how frequent) a behavior is expressed in an enviorment

halo effect

having a cognitive bias of someone due to overall impression of a person (usually due to ones clothing or a singular trait)