History 2301 Final Exam Iber

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

guaranteed citizenship to african americans & equality before the law

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to help former slaves in adjust themselves to freedom. It gave food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

KKK 19th century

Formed after civil war; terrorist organization that target black people and republicans (they were pissy about losing the war)

Sharecroppers

people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

placed a ban on all new immigrants from China

Buffalo Bill Cody

most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen

Ghost Dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Big Bill Haywood

a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and a member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A speaker for the Populist party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. She believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves," and challenged her fellow farmers to "raise less corn and more hell."

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Farmers' Alliance

network of farmers' organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Railroad Strike of 1877

First major post-Civil War strike; employees of the Baltimore and Ohio struck when the company lowered their wages; turned violent; President Hayes called out the U.S. army to suppress the strike.
*Historical Significance:*
Indicative of the labor unrest following the war.

Haymarket Affair

Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886; the deaths of eight, including seven policemen, led to the trial of eight anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Vertical Integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

Laissez-faire economics

hands off government

Modern Corporation

a mechanism created to allow different parties to contribute capital, expertise, and labor for the maximum benefit of each party

Muckraking

news coverage focusing on exposing corrupt business and government practices

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Father of scientific management

US vs EC Knight Company

1895, The Supreme Court ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore did not fall under jurisdiction of the law. Crippling blow to the Sherman Act.

Jane Adams

American social worker and activist, co-founder of Hull house; first woman to win Nobel Peace prize

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Coinage Act

law that put the US on the gold standard

Immigration Restriction League

A group that called for the reduction of immigration by barring the illiterate from entering the United States.

Nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

Populists/Peoples party

Third political party that emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

Women's suffrage

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

KKK in the 20s

- revived after Birth of a Nation
- "redeemers" of the South, intimidated and attacked
- anti-immigrant, anti catholic, anti jewish, etc

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

Lochner vs NY

Declared unconstitutional a NY act limiting the working hours of bakers due to the denial of the 14th amendment rights

Mann Act

Prohibited the interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes

Mueller vs. Oregon

Court held up the states rights to limit working hours (involved women)

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Oldest and largest civil rights organization formed in NYC in response to ongoing violence against black americans

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Rerum Novarum

1891 - Pope Leo XII's call to the Catholic Church to work to alleviate social problems such as poverty.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Triangle Fire

a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

America Protective League

An organization of private citizens that worked with law enforcement during WWI to identify suspected German sympathizers and to counteract the activities of radicals, anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.

Eugene V. Debs

led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

Henry Ford

businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Big Bill Haywood

a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and a member of the executive committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

Palmer Raids

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

Tax Act of 1916

increased taxes on the wealthy.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed.

Calvin Coolidge

small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 agreement where many nations agreed to outlaw war

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them

Modernists

believe that clear sets of attitudes, values, and beliefs can be identified in each country that change very rarely and explain much about politics there

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Alfred P. Sloan

Head of General Motors; Largest automaker by 1920; Modern administrative system

Al Smith

A Catholic who ran for Pres of U.S. in 1928 and warned Americans that if a Catholic were elected to the Presidency democracy would disappear and Pope would run the country. (he lost)

Smoot-Hawley Act

created significant import tariffs on foreign goods

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

Emergency Banking Relief Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

First 100 Days

Beginning of FDR's presidency where he and Congress worked out the New Deal to save the economy.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

separated commercial banking from investment banking

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Huey Long

Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal

NRA

National Recovery Administration: established and administered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

SE Act of 1934

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (SEA) was created to govern securities transactions on the secondary market, ensuring greater financial transparency and accuracy and less fraud or manipulation.

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hydro-electric dam for a needed area.