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Tinker v. Des Moines

A landmark Supreme Court case affirming students' rights to free speech in schools, ruling that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school.

Obscenity

Material that is considered offensive or sexually explicit, not protected by the First Amendment.

Clear and Present Danger Clause

A legal doctrine that speech can be limited if it poses a direct threat to public safety or national security.

Schenck v. US

A Supreme Court case that established the 'clear and present danger' test for restricting speech during wartime.

New York Times v. US

A landmark case reinforcing the principle of freedom of the press and limiting prior restraint by the government.

Prior Restraint

Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place.

2nd Amendment

The constitutional amendment that protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms.

8th Amendment

The constitutional amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment and excessive fines or bail.

4th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires search warrants to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

Selective Incorporation

The legal doctrine that ensures that certain protections in the Bill of Rights are applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

McDonald v. Chicago

A Supreme Court case that incorporated the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

14th Amendment

An amendment providing citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.

Due Process

A legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fair treatment.

Miranda Rule

A legal requirement that individuals must be informed of their rights to silence and legal counsel while in custody, established by the Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona.

5th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that provides rights related to legal proceedings, including protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination.