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Tinker v Des Moines: A landmark Supreme Court case affirming students' rights to free speech in schools, ruling that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school.

Obscenity: Material that is considered offensive or sexually explicit, not protected by the First Amendment.

Clear and Present Danger Clause: A legal doctrine that speech can be limited if it poses a direct threat to public safety or national security.

Schenck v US: A Supreme Court case that established the "clear and present danger" test for restricting speech during wartime.

New York Times v US: A landmark case reinforcing the principle of freedom of the press and limiting prior restraint by the government.

Prior Restraint: Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place.

2nd Amendment: The constitutional amendment that protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms.

8th Amendment: The constitutional amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment and excessive fines or bail.

4th Amendment: The constitutional amendment that protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires search warrants to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

Selective Incorporation: The legal doctrine that ensures that certain protections in the Bill of Rights are applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

McDonald v Chicago: A Supreme Court case that incorporated the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

14th Amendment: An amendment providing citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.

Due Process: A legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fair treatment.

Miranda Rule: A legal requirement that individuals must be informed of their rights to silence and legal counsel while in custody, established by the Supreme Court case Miranda v Arizona.

5th Amendment: The constitutional amendment that provides rights related to legal proceedings, including protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination.