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Cell
Basic building block of living organisms
Tissue
Group of cells with similar structure and function.
Organ
Group of tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Organ System
Group of organs working together to a specific function.
Organism
Result of organ systems working together.
Enzyme
Protein molecule that speeds up body reactions.
Active Site
Region on an enzyme where substrate binds.
Lock and Key Model
Explanation of enzyme-substrate interaction.
Biological Catalyst
Enzyme that speeds up reactions in the body.
Metabolism
Reactions that build up and break down molecules.
Denature
Change in enzyme's shape, losing function.
pH
Measure of acidity or alkalinity.
Optimum pH
pH at which enzyme works at its highest rate.
Carbohydrase
Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.
Lipase
Enzyme that breaks down lipids.
Amylase
Enzyme that breaks down starch.
Protease
Enzyme that breaks down proteins.
Digestive System
Organs working together to digest and absorb food.
Carbohydrate
Important food group broken down by carbohydrase.
Starch
Complex carbohydrate broken down by amylase.
Glucose
Simple sugar produced from carbohydrate breakdown.
Insoluble Molecules
Large food molecules that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Salivary Amylase
Amylase produced in the mouth.
Pepsin
Enzymes produced in the stomach for protein digestion.
Pancreas and Small intestine
Organs that produce carbohydrase, lipase, amylase, and protease.
Proteins
Made of long chains of amino acids, broken down by protease enzymes
Amino Acids
Components of protein, broken down by protease enzymes
Lipids
Also known as fats, broken down by lipase enzymes into glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol
Component of lipids broken down by lipase enzymes
Emulsification
Process of breaking large lipid droplets into smaller droplets by bile
Bile
Alkaline substance produced by the liver to emulsify fats in the small intestine
Iodine Test
Test for starch presence, changes color to blue-black with starch
Biuret Test
Test for protein presence, turns lilac in the presence of proteins
Ethanol Test
Test for lipid presence, forms a cloudy white emulsion with lipids
Benedict's Test
Test for sugar presence, changes color from blue to brick red with sugars
Artificial Pacemaker
An electrical device that sends regular impulses to regulate heartbeat if it’s irregular
Artery Structure
Thick muscle and elastic tissue, narrow lumen
Capillary Structure
Thin walls, one cell thick, short diffusion distance
Vein Structure
Thin walls, large lumen, often have valves
Plasma
Liquid part of blood, carries cells and substances
Red Blood Cell
carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body
White Blood Cell
Kills harmful microbes, part of the immune system
Platelets
Cell fragments that help blood clot
Coronary Arteries
Supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Coronary Heart Disease
Blockage in coronary arteries, reduces oxygen to heart
Statins
Drugs that slow down fatty buildup in arteries
Stent
Device to keep arteries open and improve blood flow
Faulty Heart Valves
Valves that don't open or close properly, affecting blood flow
Mechanical Heart Valve
Made of metal or plastic, long-lasting but risk of clotting
Biological Heart Valve
Usually from pig or cow, risk of rejection
Heart Failure
When the heart stops pumping effectively
Immunosuppressant Drugs
Weaken immune system to prevent rejection of foreign tissue
Donor Heart
Heart available for transplantation to replace a failing heart.
Artificial Hearts
Devices used to keep patients alive while waiting for a transplant.
Communicable Diseases
Illnesses that can be transmitted, caused by pathogens.
Non-Communicable Diseases
Health conditions not spread by pathogens, like heart disease.
White Blood Cells
Cells that protect against pathogens and infections.
Malignant Tumor
Cancerous growth invading neighboring tissues and spreading.
Benign Tumor
Non-cancerous abnormal cell growth contained in one area.
Risk Factors
Aspects of lifestyle or substances increasing disease likelihood.
Carcinogens
Chemicals that can cause cancer, often found in cigarette smoke.
Positive Correlation
Relationship where variables increase or decrease together.
Waxy Cuticle
Transparent layer on leaves reducing water loss through evaporation.
Palisade Mesophyll
Leaf tissue with chloroplasts for photosynthesis, located on top.
Spongy Mesophyll
Leaf layer with air spaces for gas exchange.
Stomata
Openings in leaves for gas exchange and water control.
Xylem Tissue
Plant tissue transporting water into the leaf.
Phloem Tissue
Tissue transporting sugars out of the leaf.
Translocation
Movement of dissolved sugars and molecules around a plant.
Transpiration Stream
Water movement from roots to leaves and evaporation through stomata.
Factors Affecting Transpiration
Temperature, air movement, light intensity, and humidity.
Oxygenated Blood
Blood rich in oxygen, ready to deliver to body tissues
Chambers of the Heart
Atrias and the ventricles
Valves
structures that prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart
Vena Cava
large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
Pulmonary Vein
Vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary Artery
Artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Aorta
Main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
Pacemakers
Group of cells that regulate the heartbeat by producing impulses
Note 
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