History

when a king or queen has given up their throne

abdicate

agreement between countries to support eachother in war

alliance

when an area of land or a country is added to another country or area, usually by force or without permission

Annex

The ceasefire ended the first world war on november 11th 1914

Armistice

A competition between countries for superiority in the development and build-up of weapons

Arms race

to delete sensitive information in a publication

censor

limiting acess to information in ideas or books in order to limit knowledge

censorship

a country or land of are governed by people from another, more powerful country

colony

the goverment policy of forcing people to join the armed forces in wartime

Conscription

the number of people killed in a war or natural disaster

death toll

a small bomb thrown by hand

handgrenade

when one country takes over another country politically and economically

imperialism

a soldier who fights on foot

infantry

war causes that go back a long time, perhaps years or decades

long-term causes

war causes that have happened recently, within days weeks or months

short-term causes

European nations could dominate a resource market by claiming the land for a certain resource (like sugarcane or rubber) this would make their rivals convinced imperialism was the way to go in order to make profit.

How could European nations dominate a resource market and what effect did this have on their rivals?

The british made a trade route with China, exporting opium in exchange for tea, the Chinese government knew the dangers and made it illegal to import, Lin zexu sent an open letter to queen victoria requesting that she stops the illegal trading, but the letter was ignored and the opium shipments kept hitting Chinas shores. The Chinese were then furious and in 1839 they released about 20,000 chests of the drug into the sea, beggining the opium war. The british responded with equal fury and powerful warships, destroying chinese coastal and river forts and defeating the chinese. In the 1842 treaty of nanjing, China was held responsible for the costs of the war and was forced to open five coastal ports, including hong kong, to british trade. The chinese also had to limit taxes on british goods and had to hand over the territory of Hong Kong to the british.

What started the opium war and what resulted from it?

The taiping rebellion was a group of rebels in 1850. They called for social reforms, like giving lands to peasants and treating women as equals of men. The rebels seized nanjing, killing thousands people and continuing their massacres for years. In 1864 Chinese forces recaptured nanjing and ended the rebellion. The taiping rebellion killed 20 million people, making it one of the deadliest armed conflicts in history.

What was the Taiping Rebellion and how did it impact China?

The scramble for africa was the competition between western European powers to gain control of parts of Africa taking place in roughly 1884-1914 They colonized Africa for the protection of trade routes and for the gain of raw materials from the african continent to sell in markets to gain profit, also bc of labour and imperialism.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The colonization of Africa did not happen before the 19th century because African kingdoms were initially too militarily strong and big for European countries to colonize. However the Western powers managed to colonize African countries rapidly in the 19th century because of rivalries between African leaders

why were western powers able to colonize Africa in the 19th century but not earlier?

The industrial revolution was the force behind this New Imperialism, as it created not only the need for Europe to expand, but the power to successfully take and profitably maintain so many colonies overseas. The industrial revolution created the need for Europe to take over colonies around the world.

How is the Industrial Revolution connected to Imperialism?

They exploited the people already living there. People were forced to endure such harsh working conditions that by early 1900s, anywhere from eight to sixteen million africans had died.

What were the ways in which western powers ruled their colonies?

Africans escaped colonial military and administrative abuses through avoidance tactics. Hearing of approaching colonial armies, tax collectors, or labor recruiters, Africans fled their homes or concealed themselves to avoid violent confrontations and dispossession. Europeans had strong economies, powerful militaries, improved medical technologies, well organized governments which made it mostly successful

How did Africans resist European imperialism? Why was western imperialism mostly successful?

The first world war was called the great war because the world had never experienced a war on such a large scale before.

Why is world war 1 reffered to as "the great war"?

The unification of Germany and Italy upset the status quo and balance of power in Europe that had been established by the Congress of Vienna. It led to greater competition between powerful countries. Also ethnic minorities in the various empires of Europe began to fight for autonomy and independence.

What effect did the unification of Germany and Italy have on europe and the world?

It changed the world. It led to the Russian revolution, the collapse of the German empire and the collapse of the hapsburg Monarchy, and it led to the restructuring of the political order in Europe and in other parts of the world, particularily in the middle east.

Identify and explain the long-term causes of world war 1 (nationalism, imperialism, militarism and alliances)

The triple entente- UK, France, Russia. The triple alliance- Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary in 1914 Allies- Britain and its empire, France, Belgium, Italy, Serbia, Romania, Portugal, Russia, USA and Japan. Central powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria in 1918.

list the two alliances formed before the war in 1914 and at the end of the war in 1918 and the countries in each country

Austria-Hungary: rivalry with russia over balkans, the dual alliance with germany, triple alliance with italy and germany. Assasination of Archduke franz ferdinandd on 1914 june 28th

Serbia: was sent a ten point ultimatum by austria-hungary, they agree to all but one and Austria-hungary declares war on serbia, Russia mobilizes in support of serbia

Germany: scramble of africa begins, germany unification, triple alliance with italy and austria-hungary. Kaiser wilhelm II comes to power, Bismarck forced to resign. Germany supports austria-hungary against serbia. Germany declares war on France, russia, belgium.

Russia: Alliance with uk, triple entente completed. Austria-Hungary and germany declare war on Russia. Russia invades Germany mobilizes forces.

France: Alliance with russia, scramble for africa begins. Army total reaches almost 4 million. When germany declares war on russia, france begins to mobalize. Germany declares war on france. Britain and France declare war on austra-hungary.

Be able to explain the specific causes/reasons for the following countries involvement in World War I (Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Germany, Russia, France and the UK). See PowerPoint in classroom on the long and short term causes of the War by country.

it begins with Austria-Hungary blaming Serbia for killing the Archduke, then attacking serbia. (Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had
begun.)

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand lead to the outbreak of World War I?

It was connected to nationalism because the terrorist group "black hand" planned to assasinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand, because of his perceived threat to Serbian independence.

How was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand connected to nationalism?

The soldiers were forced to live underground for months on end. They lived with the knowledge that they could lose their lives at any moment. The soldiers had very bad hygiene and were very bored. Diseases would typically kill soldiers more rather than battle. The soldiers would commonly develop shell shock due to the war.

Describe the conditions of the War on the Western Front (life in the trenches). What was the typical experience of a soldier in the trenches?

In battle, soldiers had to charge out of the trenches and across no-man's land into a hail of bullets, shrapnel and poison gas.

What were the main features of trench warfare, i.e. how was the war fought?

By December 1914 stalemate developed on the Western front because of 3 main reasons, new weapons, lack of plans and the circumstances of the battle of Marne, race to the seas and the 1st battle of Ypres! The Schlieffen plan had failed by November 1914.

What were the causes of the stalemate on the Western
Front?

The destructive power of modern artillery and machine guns forced soldiers to spend most of their time in the trenches they dug out, which were protected with sandbags and barbed wire for protection. or World War I popularized the use of the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous. Thus trench warfare was born.

How did new technology affect the way the War was fought? (rifles, machine guns, grenades and artillery)

because the new technology introuced was the cause of the stalemate, which is why it failed to break it.

why did the new technology introduced fail to break the stalemate. (poison gas, tanks, planes, flame throwers and submarines)

Machine gun, it became recognised as one of the deadliest weapons in WW1 because they could fire up to ten bullets per second, killing and injuring many. Artilley, because it could shoot shells from a long distance, when the shells would explode shrapnel would cut an enemy into pieces, which also ended up killing and wounding many.

Which weapons of World War I had the greatest impact? Why?

1917 saw the entry of America into World War One, the result of Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare. The start of the Russian revolution, due to shortage on food and fuel for the cold weather, russian civilians rebelled against their leaders. Russia left the war against Germany. The bolsheviks led by Vladmir lenin took over the government.

Why was 1917 such an important year in the War?

The February Revolution had weakened the country; the October Revolution broke it, resulting in the Russian Civil War and the eventual formation of the Soviet Union.

What was the effect of the February (March) Revolution in Russia? the October (November) Revolution?

Germany's relaunch of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 became the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision to lead the United States into joining the allies in World War I.

Why did the USA join the Allies?

The German spring offensive was the german commander, ludendorff's plan to achieve a decisive victory against American troops. It had failed because of inadequate supplies, stubborn Allied defensive tactics, an over-reliance on German Stormtroopers, and the German military overestimation of their offensive capabilities.

What was the German Spring Offensive of 1918 and why did it fail?

It was because of the failure of the spring offensive and because the german commanders Ludendorff and Hindenburg could no lorger hold the allies. Germany surrendered, signing an armistice on November 11th 1918.

Why did Germany want an armistice in November 1918?

Germany failed to succeed in World War One because of three main reasons, the failure of the Schlieffen plan, nationalism, and the allies' effective use of attrition warfare.

Why did Germany lose the War?

8.5 million had died in world war 1

How many people died in World War I?

Germany (1,774,000) Russia (1,700,000) France (1,375,000) Austria-Hungary (1,200,000)

Which countries were the most affected by it (i.e. death toll)?

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I in June 28 1914.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo 1914 June 28th.

Gavrilo Princip

was German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death in 1888.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

former chancellor

Otto von Bismarck

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Kaiser Wilhelm II

German foreign minister

Arthur Zimmermann

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Paul von Hindenburg

was a German general, politician and military theorist.

Erich Ludendorff

was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

First King of the United Italian Nation

King Victor Emmanuel II

Last emperor of Russia

Tsar Nicholas II

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin

British Prime Minister

David Lloyd George

British Commander of all British and Empire forces

Field Marshall Douglas Haig

28th President of the United States

Woodrow Wilson

led American forces in Europe during WWI

General J.J. Pershing

November 11, 1918

Armistice Day

June 28, 1914

Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand

a rapidly firing automatic gun used in ww1

Machine gun

the belief that a country should have great military strength in order to be powerful

militarism

someone who goes on a mission to a foreign place to spread his religion

missionary

Open rebellion against authority

mutiny

Extreme pride in one's country

nationalism

an area of unowned, unclaimed, or uninhabited land

no man's land

the order to attack

'over the top'

to divide a country or state in different parts, usually with different types of political rule

partition

French plan for war.

Plan XVII

a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact used in ww1

poison gas

an organized spreading of certain ideas

propaganda

to withdraw from an attack

retreat

a bomb that is fired long distance from artillery

shell

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) many soldiers were afflicted with during the war

shell shock

fragments of an exploding shell or bomb

shrapnel

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts

Schlieffen Plan

an intellectual movement with theories about human economies and societies.

Social Darwinism

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

sphere of influence

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

stalemate

a watercraft that stays under water

submarine

bulletproof vehicles that could travel over rough ground

tank

a deep narrow hole dug in the ground for soldiers protection in ww1

trench

a foot disease caused by feet being cold and wet for long periods of time, common among ww1 troops

trench foot

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Triple Entente

a conflict in which each side tried to wear the other down by killing as many of its men as possible.

war of attrition

the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided.

Western Front

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa

Berlin Conference

the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand

Black hand

a group of ships sailing together for protection

convoy system

a form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory

direct rule colony

A monopoly traded the British set up with India

East India Company

a stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border

Eastern Front

being exempt, or free from, local laws

extraterritoriality

from a certain region; native

indigenous

a system of governance used by the British and others to control parts of their colonial empires

indirect rule colony

weapons for discharging missiles

Artillery

to murder an important person, usually for political or religious reasons

assasinate