APUSH Chapter 7-8 (1763-1783)

republicanism

a just society where all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests for the common good; opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions

mercantilism

wealth = power and country’s economic wealth could be measured by amount of gold/silver in its treasury

Sugar Act

1764 law that increased duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies; first law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies

Quartering Act

1765 act that required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

stamp tax

1765 tax that mandated use of stamped paper/affixing stamps for bills of sale for about 50 trade items as well as commercial and legal documents (playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, marriages)

admiralty courts

Juries not allowed; burden of proof on defendants, who were assumed guilty until proven innocent

Stamp Act Congress

1765 assemblage that brought 27 delegates from 9 colonies in NYC to draw statement of rights and ask to repeal legislation

nonimportation agreements

stride to union: refuse to buy/use British items like textilesSon

Sons of Libery (Daughters of Liberty)

Groups of ardent spirits who took laws into their own hands; enforced nonimportation agreements

Declaratory Act

1766 reaffirm Parliament’s right to “bind” the colonies in all cases; establish control over colonies

Townshend Acts

1767 light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770: mainly used for propaganda because it was fault of colonists; 11 killed/wounded

committees of correspondence

first formed by Samuel Adams in 1772; spread spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and continuing opposition to British policies

intercolonial committees of correspondence

spread from Massachusetts to other colonies: Virginia in 1773 adopt first

Boston Tea Party

17 million lbs of unsold tea; give British East India Company a monopoly; dress ass Indians, smashed 342 chests of tea

“Intolerable Acts”

response to tea party: Boston Port Act (closed port), restrictions on town meetings, new Quartering Act, officials who killed colonists go to Britain for trial, Quebec ActQ

Quebec Act

1774 French guaranteed their Catholic religion, retain old customs like no representative assembly or trial by jury; old boundaries extended southward all the way to Ohio River

First Continental Congress

1774 meet in Philadelphia to redress colonial grievances; everyone but Georgia went, 55 people

The Association

Congress created for complete boycott of British goods

Battles of Lexington and Concord

April 1775; Lexington: “minute men” refuse to disperse rapidly, 8 killed, more wounded

Concord: Britons forced to retreat by ready Americans; 300 casualties, 70 killed

Virtual Representation

Ask for representation in Parliament; they had “virtual representation” where Parliament was thinking of them becasue they were a part of the empireG

George Grenville

British Prime Minister who ordered British navy to enforce Navigation Laws and passed Sugar and Stamp Acts

George III

King of Great Britain during the American Revolution, his policies and taxation without representation led to colonial unrest and the eventual push for independence.

Samuel Adams

A founding father and leader of the American Revolution, he was instrumental in organizing opposition to British policies and was a key figure in the Boston Tea Party.

Second Continental Congress

all 13 colonies come; draft new appeals to British people and king

Bunker Hill

seized hill but forced to abandon hill

Olive Branch Petition

Continental Congress adopt professing American loyalty to crown and begging king to prevent further hostilities; King George called them treasonand refused to read it, leading to increased tensions.

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine, argued for independence and separation from Britain—insist that Britain was causing nearly every problem in the societies

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson write; Jefferson’s advertisement of Richard Henry Lee’s resolution; “declaration” of independence by American colonies

Loyalists and Patriots

Colonists loyal to king were loyalists(Tories), who fought American rebels, the Patriots(Whigs), who also fought the British redcoats

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the Revolutionary War, where American forces defeated the British, leading to French support for the colonies.

Battle of Yorktown

final major land battle of Revolutionary War, blockade by French Army, siege

Treaty of Paris

1783 British forces formally recognize independence of US, granted generous boundaries (Mississippi to west, Great Lakes on North, Florida on south)

Benedict Arnold

Patriot general during Battle of Saratoga; infamous for defection to British side in 1780, attempting to surrender American fort at West Point for money and command; act of treason

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British general commanding British forces in south; surrender at Battle of Yorktown in 1781 ended major military operations in war