AP Psych Unit 5 Mental & Physical Health

active listening

a communication technique used in therapy and counseling that involves fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and empathizing with what the speaker is saying, through verbal and nonverbal cues, to facilitate deeper understanding and rapport.

acute schizophrenia

a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, often accompanied by emotional turmoil, confusion, or behavioral disturbances, which may require immediate intervention and stabilization.

adaptation-level phenomenon

a cognitive bias in which individuals adapt to and become accustomed to their current level of environmental stimuli or life circumstances, thereby recalibrating their expectations and judgments over time.

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Traumatic events occurring before age 18 that can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being.

aerobic exercise

physical activity that increases heart rate and oxygen consumption over an extended period, such as running, swimming, or cycling, which has been shown to improve physical health, mental well-being, and cognitive function.

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder characterized by fear or avoidance of situations or places where escape or help may be difficult or embarrassing in the event of a panic attack or other anxiety symptoms, such as crowded spaces, public transportation, or open spaces.

Alarm Stage

The initial reaction to stress, activating the fight-or-flight response.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, leading to severe restriction of food intake, excessive exercise, and distorted body image, often resulting in significant weight loss and medical complications.

anti-social personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy or remorse, and impulsive or antisocial behavior, often beginning in adolescence or early adulthood.

antianxiety drugs

also known as anxiolytics or benzodiazepines, medications used to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorders by enhancing the activity of neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has calming effects on the central nervous system.

antidepressants

medications used to treat symptoms of depressive disorders by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain, which are implicated in mood regulation and emotional well-being.

antipsychotic drugs

also known as neuroleptics, medications used to manage symptoms of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain and reducing hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others.

anxiety disorders

a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive, persistent, and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety, fear, or apprehension, often accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heartbeat or sweating.

APA (American Psychological Association)

The leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States.

Ataque de Nervios

A culture-bound syndrome prevalent among Latinos, characterized by uncontrollable shouting, crying, and trembling.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning and development, typically diagnosed in childhood and often persisting into adulthood.

autism spectrum disorders

a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted interests, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities, varying in severity and presentation.

aversive conditioning

a behavior therapy technique that pairs an undesired behavior with an unpleasant stimulus or consequence, with the aim of reducing or eliminating the behavior through negative reinforcement or punishment.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

behavior therapy

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying maladaptive behaviors and promoting adaptive ones through techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and exposure, based on principles of learning and conditioning.

Behavioral Perspective

An approach to psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they are learned.

Biofeedback

A technique that teaches individuals to control physiological processes such as heart rate and muscle tension by providing real-time feedback.

Biological Perspective

An approach to psychology that focuses on the physiological bases of behavior and mental processes.

biomedical therapy

the use of biological or medical interventions, such as medication, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or psychosurgery, to treat mental disorders by targeting underlying biological or neurological mechanisms.

bipolar disorder

formerly known as manic-depressive illness, a mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania or hypomania, which are periods of elevated mood, energy, and activity.

Bipolar I

A type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, often with depressive episodes.

Bipolar II

A type of bipolar disorder characterized by hypomanic episodes alternating with major depressive episodes.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by instability in mood, self-image, and behavior, often resulting in impulsive actions and unstable relationships.

broaden-and-build theory

a theory proposed by Barbara Fredrickson suggesting that positive emotions broaden individuals' thought-action repertoires and build psychological resources, promoting resilience, creativity, and personal growth over time.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating large amounts of food in a short period) followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain.

Catatonia

A state of unresponsiveness to external stimuli, often including rigid body posture or repetitive movements.

catharsis

a therapeutic process or emotional release through the expression or release of pent-up emotions, such as anger or grief, often facilitated through talking, writing, or artistic expression, which may promote psychological healing and relief.

chronic schizophrenia

a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by persistent and long-term symptoms, impairment, and functional decline, typically with a gradual onset and poor response to treatment.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors. Includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors. Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors. Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Cognitive Perspective

An approach to psychology that focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

cognitive therapy

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing dysfunctional thought patterns, beliefs, and cognitive distortions that contribute to psychological distress and maladaptive behaviors, through cognitive restructuring and behavioral interventions.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A widely used form of psychotherapy that combines cognitive restructuring (changing negative thought patterns) with behavioral interventions (changing maladaptive behaviors), to treat a variety of mental health conditions.

Compulsion

Repetitive, rule-based behaviors that a person feels compelled to perform to reduce anxiety.

coping

The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stressors, challenges, or adverse circumstances, in order to adapt and maintain psychological well-being.

counterconditioning

A behavior therapy technique used to replace or counteract maladaptive responses (such as fear or anxiety) with adaptive ones, by pairing the feared or aversive stimulus with a positive or neutral stimulus to change the emotional response.

Culture-Bound Disorders

Psychological disorders found only in certain cultures.

deinstitutionalization

The movement in mental health care towards discharging individuals from psychiatric hospitals or institutions and providing community-based treatment and support services, aimed at reducing reliance on long-term institutionalization and promoting integration into society.

delusion

A fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary, often involving beliefs of persecution, grandiosity, or control, which are characteristic symptoms of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior.

depressive disorders

Also known as mood disorders, a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest or pleasure in activities, leading to significant impairment in functioning.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching coping skills to manage stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationships.

diathesis-stress model

A psychological theory proposing that the development of psychological disorders results from an interaction between predisposing vulnerabilities (diatheses) and environmental stressors, such as traumatic events or chronic stress, which can trigger or exacerbate symptoms.

Discrimination

Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, often based on race, age, or gender.

dissociation

A mental process involving a disruption or detachment from one's thoughts, feelings, memories, or identity, often as a defense mechanism against overwhelming stress, trauma, or psychological distress.

dissociative amnesia

a dissociative disorder characterized by partial or total memory loss of important personal information, events, or experiences, often associated with trauma or stress.

dissociative disorders

a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or disturbances in memory, identity, consciousness, or perception, often as a response to severe trauma or stress.

dissociative identity disorder

formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is a dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, which may alternate control over an individual's behavior.

Distress

Negative stress that can cause anxiety and decrease performance.

Dopamine Hypothesis

The theory that schizophrenia is associated with an excess of dopamine activity in the brain.

DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision)

a widely used classification system published by the American Psychiatric Association, providing criteria for diagnosing and classifying mental disorders based on symptoms, behaviors, and clinical presentations.

eclectic approach

involves integrating principles, techniques, and strategies from multiple theoretical perspectives or therapeutic modalities, tailored to meet the individual needs and preferences of clients.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a medical procedure used to treat severe depression, bipolar disorder, or other mental health conditions, by inducing controlled seizures in the brain through electrical stimulation, to alleviate symptoms and improve mood.

emotion-focused coping

efforts to regulate or manage the emotional distress associated with stressors, by seeking support, expressing emotions, or reframing the situation in order to reduce negative emotional reactions.

epigenetics

the study of changes in gene expression or activity that are not caused by alterations in the DNA sequence itself, but rather by chemical modifications to the DNA molecule or associated proteins, influenced by environmental factors and experiences.

Eustress

Positive, motivating stress that can improve performance and well-being.

evidence-based practice

the integration of research evidence, clinical expertise, and client preferences and values in making informed decisions about treatment and interventions in mental health care, to ensure the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions.

Evolutionary Perspective

An approach to psychology that focuses on the role of evolutionary processes in shaping behavior.

Exhaustion Stage

The stage where the body's resources are depleted and it becomes susceptible to illness.

exposure therapies

behavior therapy techniques that involve direct involvement with feared or anxiety-provoking stimuli or situations, with the goal of reducing fear, anxiety, and avoidance behaviors through habituation and extinction of conditioned responses.

external locus of control

a belief that external forces, chance, or luck primarily determine one's life outcomes, experiences, and success, leading to feelings of powerlessness and reliance on external sources of control.

family therapy

a form of psychotherapy that involves working with families and their members to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and address interpersonal dynamics and relational patterns that contribute to psychological distress or dysfunction.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

a psychological phenomenon whereby individuals who are in a positive mood or experience positive emotions are more likely to engage in altruistic or prosocial behavior toward others.

Fight or Flight Response

The body's automatic response to a perceived threat, preparing for either confrontation or avoidance.

Flat Affect

A lack of emotional expression often seen in individuals with schizophrenia.

Free Association

A psychoanalytic technique in which patients say whatever comes to mind without censorship as a way of exploring the unconscious.

general adaptation syndrome

A theoretical framework proposed by Hans Selye to describe the body's physiological response to stress, involving three stages - alarm (activation of fight-or-flight response), resistance (adaptation and coping with stressors), and exhaustion (depletion of resources and increased susceptibility to illness).

generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and persistent worry or anxiety about a wide range of everyday events or activities, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as muscle tension or restlessness.

group therapy

A form of psychotherapy that involves a therapist leading a group of individuals with similar mental health concerns in therapeutic discussions, activities, or exercises, to explore emotions, share experiences, and provide mutual support.

Hallucination

A false perception in the absence of a stimulus, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.

health psychology

A subfield of psychology that focuses on the psychological factors influencing health, illness, and healthcare delivery, including the study of behaviors, attitudes, and emotions related to health outcomes and well-being.

hoarding disorder

A mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, leading to excessive accumulation of clutter and impairment in functioning.

Humanistic Perspective

An approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will.

hypnosis

A trance-like state of focused attention, concentration, and suggestibility induced by a trained therapist, often used in therapy to facilitate relaxation, increase receptivity to suggestions, and explore subconscious thoughts and memories.

insight therapies

Psychotherapeutic approaches that aim to increase self-awareness and understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, with the goal of resolving psychological conflicts, gaining insight into underlying issues, and promoting personal growth and well-being.

internal locus of control

A belief that one's own actions, efforts, and decisions primarily determine one's life outcomes, experiences, and success, leading to feelings of autonomy, responsibility, and self-efficacy.

interpretation

The therapist's analysis and explanation of the underlying meanings, motives, or conflicts revealed through the client's thoughts, behaviors, dreams, or associations, with the aim of fostering insight and understanding.

learned helplessness

A psychological phenomenon in which individuals become passive and resigned in the face of aversive stimuli or uncontrollable events, due to repeated experiences of failure or lack of control.

Lithium

A mood-stabilizing drug commonly used to treat bipolar disorder.

lobotomy

A form of psychosurgery that involves severing or damaging connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, to alleviate symptoms of severe mental illness, although it is now largely discredited due to its severe and often irreversible side effects.

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, or hopelessness, accompanied by changes in appetite, sleep, energy levels, and concentration, lasting for at least two weeks.

mania

a distinct period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, accompanied by increased energy, activity, talkativeness, grandiosity, and impulsivity, which may occur in bipolar disorder or other psychiatric conditions.

medical model

an approach to understanding psychological disorders that conceptualizes them as medical conditions or illnesses, with symptoms, causes, and treatments similar to physical diseases, often emphasizing biological, genetic, and neurological factors.

Meditation

A practice where an individual uses techniques such as mindfulness to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state.

meta-analysis

a statistical method used to combine and analyze the results of multiple independent studies on a specific topic or research question, to provide a comprehensive summary of the overall findings and evaluate the strength of evidence across studies.

mindfulness meditation

a practice that involves paying attention to the present moment, with openness, curiosity, and acceptance, often through techniques such as focused breathing or body scanning, which can reduce stress, enhance self-awareness, and promote emotional regulation.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of exaggerated self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of conditions characterized by impairments in brain function, development, or behavior that manifest early in childhood, such as autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Obsession

Persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause significant anxiety.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or rituals performed to alleviate anxiety or prevent perceived harm (compulsions).

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

Panic Attack

A sudden episode of intense fear or anxiety with physical symptoms such as heart palpitations and shortness of breath.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.