US History 1 clep

US history 1 clep test

Treaty of Greenville

Cleared the Ohio territory of Indian tribes upon General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

Specie Circular

1836
Andrew Jackson
Required payment for public lands in gold and silver.

Panic 1837

- destruction of 2nd Bank of US
- overextension of bank credit
- poor wheat crop
- Specie Circular of 1836 (by Jackson)

Van Buren inherited Jackson's financial issues.

King Philip's War

1675-1676 in Mass.
Puritans v. Wampanoag Indians (led by "King Philip")
Ended issues with Indians in the New England colonies.

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court

First Amendment

Freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition.

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms.

Third Amendment

No forced quartering of soldiers in private homes.

Fourth Amendment

No search and seizure without a search warrant.
"Don't come through my door, I'm protected by the four."

Fifth Amendment

1. No double jeopardy.
2. Can not be forced to be witness against himself/herself. 3. Right to due process of law.
4. No property taken without fair compensation.

Sixth Amendment

Confirms the accused right to a quick and public trial, right to be faced by accusing witnesses, and right to be represented by a lawyer.

Seventh Amendment

Civil trial by jury.

Eight Amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.

Ninth Amendment

Safety net - rights not listed are retained by the people.

Tenth Amendment

All powers not given to the fed gov default to the states.

Eleventh Amendment

States may not be sued by individuals.

Twelfth Amendment

Election procedures for president and vice president.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery (1865).

Fourteenth Amendment

1868-made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country. All former Confederate supporters were prohibited from holding office in the U.S.

Fifteenth Amendment

Extended voting rights to blacks.

Sixteenth Amendment

Legalized the income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment

Direct election of senators.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol.

Nineteenth Amendment

Voting rights for women.

Twentieth Amendment

Inauguration changed from March to January.

Twenty-first Amendment

Nulls the prohibition.

Twenty-second Amendment

Limits the president to two terms in office.

Twenty-third Amendment

Electoral votes extended to Washington D.C.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Prohibited poll taxes.

Twenty-fifth Amendment

Defines the process of presidential succession.

Twenty-sixth Amendment

Voting rights to 18-year-olds.

Twenty-seventh Amendment

Congress can't give itself a pay raise.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 event that DOUBLES size of U.S. \- - - Thomas Jefferson \= President (from FRENCH for 15 million)

Guaranteed Wester farmers access to the Mississippi River as an avenue of trade.

Presented Jefferson with a constitutional dilemma since he was a "strict" constitutionist.

Gave the US control of the port of New Orleans.

Essex Junto

A group of New England Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase. Aaron Burr supported.

Burr Conspiracy

After Burr killed Hamilton and fled, he and James Wilkerson planned to take over the LA Purchase and start a new country. Wilkerson backed out and told Jefferson. Burr was tried for treason but acquitted.

Non-intercourse Act and Macon's Bill No. 2

Opened trade with all nations except France and Britain, later gave the president power to prohibit trade with any nation that violated our neutrality.

War of 1812

"America's Second War for Independence" against Britain. Started because of Britain's wars with Napoleon, The Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts, the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, and Britain instigating the Indians.

Under James Madison.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812. British and Americans return to pre-war status quo. Christmas Eve 1814

George Washington

1789-1797
Federalist
VP: John Adams

1st President
Supported the 1st Bank of the United States
Served 2 Terms

John Adams

1797-1801
Federalist
VP: Thomas Jefferson

Federalist
Sedition Acts
Alien Laws
XYZ Affair
Served 1 Term

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809
Democratic-Republican
VP: Aaron Burr, George Clinton

Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian)
Embargo Act - Non-Intercourse Act
Wanted Small Military
John Marshall
Louisiana Purchase
James Monroe, Robert Livingston
Meriwether Lewis, William Clark
Served 2 Terms

"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. One heart, one mind, common good." Party strife should be forgotten once the will of the people has been expressed in election.

James Madison

1809-1817
Democratic-Republican
VP: George Clinton, Eldbridge Gerry
Democratic-Republican
Macon's Bill No. 2
War of 1812 - Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Tariff of 1816
Rejected Nationally-Funded Roads
Served 2 Terms

James Monroe

1817-1825
Democratic-Republican
VP: Daniel D. Tompkins

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829
Democratic-Republican
VP: John C. Calhoun

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837
Democratic
VP: John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren
Reliant on:
-the veto
-the "kitchen cabinet"
-the spoils system
-public opinion

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841
Democratic
VP: Richard M. Johnson

Democratic
Divorce Bill
Independent Treasury Bill
His delayed actions to end the Panic of 1837 caused the economic downturn to continue for many years.
Served 1 Term

William Henry Harrison

1841
Whig
VP: John Tyler

John Tyler

1841-1845
Whig
VP: NONE
State's rights Southerner
Strict Constitutionalist
Whig in name-only
Expelled from the Whig party, attempted impeachment

James K. Polk

1845-1849
Democratic
VP: George M. Dallas
Staunch Jacksonian
Low revenue-only tariff

Democrat
Oregon Country w/Britain
Mexican-American War
Served 1 Term

Zachary Taylor

1849-1850
Whig
VP: Millard Fillmore
Underground Railroad
Gold Rush
Congressional Debate of 1850
Died in Office on July 9, 1850
Served 1 Term**

Mexican American War Hero
Priority of upholding the Union

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853
Whig
VP: NONE

Franklin Pierce

1853-1857
Democratic
VP: William R. King

"Young America"
Expansionist
Cuba/Nicaragua
Transcontinental Railroad
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Lecompton Constitution with Kansas
Served 1 Term

James Buchanan

1857-1861
Democratic
VP: John C Breckinridge
Dred Scott Case
Panic of 1857
John Brown
Served 1 Term

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865
Republican
VP: Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson
ONLY gathered 40% of the popular vote, but won with electoral majority.

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869
Republican
VP: NONE
IMPEACHED and came within one vote of being removed from office. Tenure of Office Act violated.
Civil War

Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877
Republican
VP: Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson

Republican
Political Corruption
i. Credit Mobilier Scandal
Panic of 1873
Served 2 Terms

R.B. Hayes

1877-1881
Republican
VP: William A. Wheeler

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Preemption Act

Squatters get first dibs on unsurveyed federal lands, at low prices.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Daniel Webster's last hurrah before resigning from the Tyler cabinet. Compromise and forbearance brought to US - British relations.

Oregon Treaty *think Polk county*

Signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowing the US to acquire peacefully what is now Oregon, Washington, and parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana.
Under POLK

Townshend Duties of 1767

Charles Townshend's chance to prove that he could successfully tax the colonies - occurred BEFORE the Boston Massacre.

John C. Calhoun

Leader in the state's rights movement and believed states could secede whenever they wanted to.

After 1830, his views evolved and he became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as something positive, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Upholders of the Union.

The Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay
- Cali admitted as a free state.
- NM and UT decided by pop sovereignty
- slave trade abolished in D.C., but not slavery itself
- Fugitive Slave Law
- Texas' debt paid
- Congress declares NO jurisdiction over the interstate slave trade

Roger Sherman

Came up with the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia 1788.

Antifederalist critique

-lack of a written Bill of Rights
-lack of a popular vote for presidency
-powers of the Supreme Court
-large territory of the US

Federalist

Favored strong national government; supported Constitution.
Examples: Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison

Jay Treaty

Treaty w/ British to attempt to settle the conflict at sea. Failed.
1794

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Chief Justice Marshall rejected the Cherokee nation's argument that they existed as a "nation within a nation", but ruled that they could not be legally removed from their lands.
"John Marshall has made his decision;now let him enforce it." - Andrew Jackson

Market Economy (1820)

The rise of commercial agriculture.

Reform Movements of the 1830's

-Temperance
-Revivalism
-Women's Rights
-Education

NOT LABOR UNIONS

Stanley Elkins

Published the controversial "Slavery" in 1960, viewing slavery as crushing African-Americans into a "sambo personality."

George Fitzhugh

1850s - most ardent defender of Southern slavery as a "positive good."

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that the Missouri Compromise (fed regulation of slavery) was unconstitutional. Scott is property and therefore cannot sue.

Missouri Compromise

Over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln in Jan 1863, but did not actually free any slaves because it only applied to the territories "in rebellion against the US", which Lincoln had no authority over.
Slaves were officially freed nationwide with the 13th Amendment in 1865.

Articles of the Confederation

First American constitution passed in 1777 which created a loose alliance of 13 independent states. Weak central government. Later, the Confederate States modeled after this.

Homestead Act

1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years.
A clear evidence of Lincoln's democratic beliefs.
The vast majority of settlers returned East after failing as farmers.

Northern Reconstruction

Major failure: inability to provide economic independence to ex-slaves.

Know-Nothing Party

Anti-Catholic and Anti-Foreign. 1855

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.

Middle Colonies

Delaware
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania

French and Indian War

Key British victory: Louisburg

1754-63
Transferred Canada from France to Britain.

AKA Seven Year's War

Middle Passage

Slave trader's route.

John Winthrop

Opposed religious toleration. Puritan.

Intolerable Acts of 1774

Laws passed by England in 1774 to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

Nathaniel Greene

Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

"Report on Public Credit" - assume the state debts.
First Bank of US
Founder of Federalist party.
Huge proponent of the Constitution
Friendly trade relations with British.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Tenure of Office Act

1867 - Proposed by Radical Republicans in Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing Radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a Radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Civil War

1861-1865

Ostend Manifesto

Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out. 1854. Pierce. "Young America."

Declaratory Act

Stated that Parliament had the power to make laws binding on the colonies. Eg. taxes.

American Renaissance

A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works.

Virginia

Founded as a joint-stock company in 1607.

Panic of 1857

Over-speculation in railroad stocks. James Buchanan.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Spanish obtained New Orleans and Louisiana.

Ended the French and Indian War.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812. Restoration of territory taken during the war.
Following...disarmament of the Great Lakes.