APUSH Fill-In-The-Blank

midterm

Inter Caetera

Papal bull given by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 that gave Spain claim to colonize the Americas and Portugal claim to Africa

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Sublimus Deus

1537 Papal Bull - pope says native people in Americas are people too, civilized too and we shouldn't use violence or enslave them to try and make them Christian. he however advocated for slavery, that Africans should be in place of the indigenous people.

Led to laws to "abolish" encomienda that never happened

What de las Casas wanted

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Columbian Exchange

"City Upon a Hill"

the expectation that the Massachusetts Bay colony would shine like an example to the world .

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

repartimiento

Spanish labor system in Latin America, supposed to replace the encomienda system, in which native communities were compelled to provide laborers for the farms or mines and the Spanish employers were expected to pay fair wages.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

navigation acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

trade triangle

An area in a production possibilities diagram showing a country's exports, imports, and equilibrium terms of trade

Hamilton's Economic Plan

called for the government to repay both federal and state debts.

Jefferson's Agrarian Republic

Thomas Jefferson envisioned an agrarian society where a farmer who owned land would raise his own subsistence

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression

American System

policies devised by Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of industry

Sharecropping

a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent.

Black Gold

a term used for tobacco to highlight its importance

Western Discourse on Planting

to urge English investors to support the planting of a colony in Virginia and to convince Queen Elizabeth that their efforts would enhance the social and economic welfare of the commonwealth.

Declaration of Rights & Sentiments

a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women.

Limited Liability Companies

a business structure that offers limited liability protection and pass-through taxation

Mayflower Compact

A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Indentured Servitude

a form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe.

Bacon's Rebellion

It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native Americans out of Virginia

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe- focuses on the struggles of a slave, Tom, who has been sold numerous times and has to endure physical brutality by slave drivers and his masters

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Lowell Mill Girls

The "Mill Girls" were female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

Bering Land Bridge

Former ice age link between Siberia and Alaska.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Pontiac's Rebellion

launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War.

Northwest Indian War

The war between the Confederacy of Indians and White settlers

Seminole War

conflict that began in Florida in 1817 when the Seminoles resisted removal

Tecumseh's War

a skilled Shawnee warrior and charismatic orator, believed

that a pan-Indian federation could stop or slow the pace of American westward expansion

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Joint Stock Company of London

funded Jamestown. indians helped but cut them off the next year

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

Maryland Act of Toleration

The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

John Peter Zenger Trial

Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

French & Indian War (causes of)

began over the specific issue of whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British Empire, and therefore open for trade and settlement by Virginians and Pennsylvanians, or part of the French Empire.

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Bank Wars

Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. In 1832 Andrew Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank of the United State's charter because he viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly: it was a private institution managed by a board of directors.

Proclamation Act

prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

"a series of laws passed by the British government in 1774 in response to the growing unrest in the colonies, particularly in Massachusetts after incidents such as the Boston Tea Party. Enforcement of the Acts played a major role in the outbreak of the Revolutionary War."

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Shay's Rebellion

uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and strict economic conditions.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Washington's Farewell Address

warned that the forces of geographical sectionalism, political factionalism, and interference by foreign powers in the nation's domestic affairs threatened the stability of the republic.

Jay's Treaty

Great Britain agreed to withdraw from the Northwest Territory by June 1, 1796. The British also consented to cease its plundering of U.S. merchant ships and to compensate the United States for losses from these attacks.

Pinckney's Treaty

an agreement signed on October 27, 1795 between the United States and Spain. It settled a dispute between the two nations over the boundary of Spanish Florida and granted navigation rights on the Mississippi River to Americans.

First Party System

The original party structure in which political parties were loose caucuses of political notables in various locations. It was replaced around 1824.

Quasi-War

Term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts between 1798 to 1800. Neither nation declared war, although they carried out naval operations against each other

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Marbury v Madison (1803)

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Once in office, Adams installed Henry Clay to the post of Secretary of State. Adams's victory was a gut punch for Jackson, who expected to be elected President having more popular and electoral votes.

Suffrage

the right to vote

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Nullification Crisis

confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Prison & Asylum Reform

Improve conditions for the prisons, and separation of mentally ill from prisoners , eliminate debtor's prison

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

2nd Great Awakening

Religious movement that led to social reforms

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Irish/German Immigration

"natives" hated it and thought they were drunks and were stealing the ballot

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Know Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

War of Texas Independence

-Texas defeats Mexico