AP CHEM DNF

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What type of change separates a compound into elements?

chemical change

What type of change separates a mixture into its components?

physical change

Filtering separates mixtures based on differences in what property?

size

Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in what property?

boiling point

Chromatogrpahy separates mixtures based on differences in what property?

polarity

In paper chromatography, if water is used as the “mobile phase,” what kind of substance will move up the farthest?

polar substance

In paper chromatography, if a nonpolar substance is used as the “mobile phase,” which component of a mixture will move up the farthest?

nonpolar substance

Do physical changes, chemical changes, or both types of change conserve mass?

both

Which piece of glassware is the most precise?

burette

Which piece of glassware is the least precise?

beaker

List these pieces of glassware from most precise to least precise: burette, beaker, graduated cylinder

burette, graduated cylinder, beaker

Which piece of glassware only has one line on it so it can only be used to measure one specific volume?

volumetric flask

What is the equatrion for calculating the density of a substance?

mass/volume

The percent composition of what substance does not change?

compound

When an electron is in a higher energy level, is it closer or farther away from the nucleus?

farther

When an electron is in a lower energy level, is it closer or farther away from the nucleus?

closer

When an electron is in a higher energy level, does it have more or less Coulombic attraction to the nucleus?

less

When an electron is in a lower energy level, does it have more or less Coloumbic attraction to the nucleus?

more

When an electron is in a higher energy level, is it easier or harder to remove?

easier

When an electron is in a lower energy level, is it easier or harder to remove?

harder

When an electron is in a higher energy level, does it have a higher or lower 1st ionization energy?

lower

When an electron is in a lower energy level, does it have a higher or lower 1st ionization energy?

higher

Moving across a row on the periodic table, does Z(eff) increase, decrease or stay the same?

increase

Moving across a row on the periodic table, are the valence electrons more or less attracted to the nucleus?

less

Moving across a row on the periodic table, does the atomic radius increase or decrease?

decrease

Moving across a row on the periodic table, does the ionization energy increase or decrease?

increase

Why do atoms get smaller moving across a row on the periodic table?

Z(eff)

When reading a PES graph, what does the height of a peak represent?

the number of electrons in that sublevel

When reading a PES graph, does a larger binding energy mean that the electrons are closer or farther from the nucleus?

closer

Which orbital comes after 4s?

3d

Which orbital comes after 3d?

4p

Which orbital comes after 4p?

5s

Which orbital comes after 5s?

4d

Which sublevel’s electrons are removed first when making a cation?

p

Arrange these sublevels in the order in which they are removed when forming a cation: s, p, d, f

p, s, d, f

Isotopes of an element have the same number of

protons

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of

neutrons

What makes an isotope of an element different from one another?

neutrons

What do mass spectroscopy graphs measure?

the atomic masses of isotopes of an element

What instrument measures the atomic masses of the isotopes of an element?

mass spectrometer

Do elements in the same group have similar physical or chemical properties, or both?

both

Elements in the same ___ have similar chemical and physical properties.

group

Is gallium, hydrogen, or uranium a metal?

uranium

Is gallium, hydrogen, or uranium a nonmetal?

hydrogen

Is gallium, hydrogen, or uranium a metalloid?

gallium

Are cations larger or smaller than their atoms?

smaller

Are anions larger or smaller than their atoms?

larger

Why are anions larger than their atoms?

anions have more electrons

What type of bond forms between hydrogen and chlorine?

polar covalent

Ionic bonds are formed between what types of elements?

metals and nonmetals

When forming an ionic bond, which element gains electrons?

metal

When forming an ionic bond, which element loses electrons?

nonmetal

As the electronegativity difference between 2 atoms increases, does the polarity of the bond increase or decrease?

increase

What two substances do combustion reactions produce?

water and carbon dioxide

Name the 7 diatomic elements.

H, N, F, O, I, Cl, Br

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound is called the ___ formula.

empirical

Complete the rhyme for calculating the empirical formula for a compound: “% to mass, mass to mole, ___, times ‘til whole.”

divided by small

What is the formula for calculating percent yield?

(actual yield/theoretical yield)\*100

What is the formula for calculating percent error?

((estimated number - actual number)/actual number)\*100

What is a limiting reactant?

the reactant that gets completely consumed first

Why are all gas mixtures homogenous?

they mix uniformly

Why are gases compressible?

the volume of gas has empty space between particles

What causes gas pressure?

the collision between gas particles and the walls of a container

Are P and V inversely or directly related?

inversely

Are T and V inversely or d irectly related?

directly

Are T and P inversely or directly related?

directlyI

In the formula PV=nRT, what is the unit for P?

atmospheres

In the formula PV=nRT, what is the unit for V?

Liters

In the formula PV=nRT, what is the unit for n?

grams/mol

In the formula PV=nRT, what is the unit for T?

Kelvin

How many Liters is one mole of an ideal gas at STP?

22\.4 L

Are gas pressure and the number of moles inversely or directly related?

directly

What is the equation for the density of gas?

dRT/P

The “d” in dRT/P has what metric units?

grams/milliLiters

Does a gas move faster if it has more or less molar mass?

less

Does a gas move slower if it has more or less molar mass?

more

Average kinetic energy is another term for \[ans\].

temperature

What two pressures add together when calculating the total pressure of a gas collected by water displacement?

water vapor and gas pressure

Real gasses behave most like an ideal gas at what conditions of temperautre and pressure?

0 degrees Celcius and 1 atmosphere

What gases deviate from ideal behavior the most? Small polar, large polar, small nonpolar, or large nonpolar?

large polar

What gases deviate from ideal behavior the least? Small polar, large polar, small nonpolar, or large nonpolar?

large nonpolar

What is the total number of covalent bonds carbon has to make when drawing a Lewis structure?

four

What is the bond angle in BF3?

trigonal planar

What is the bond angle in H2O?

bent

What is the bond angle in NH3?

trigonal planar

What is the bond angle in CO2?

linear

What is the hybrid orbital used in BF3?

sp2

What is the hybrid orbital used in H2O?

sp

What is the hybrid orbital used in NH3?

sp2

What is the hybrid orbital used in CO2?

sp

Are asymmetrical molecules polar or nonpolar?

polar

Are symmetrical molecules polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

In a nonpolar molecule, are intramolecular attractions uneven or all equal?

equal

How many sigma bonds are there in a triple bond?

one

How many pi bonds are there in a triple bond?

two

What term do we use for the energy to break the ionic bond in a compound?

lattice energy

What 2 properties affect the lattice energy?

distance and charges between ions

Which ionic compound would have the most lattice energy? One with large or one with small ion charges?

large ion charges

Which ionic compound would have the most lattice energy? One with large or small ion radii?

small ion radii

List the four intermolecular forces (IMF) from weakest to strongest.

London Dispersion Forces, dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bonds, ion-dipole