Sub-Saharan Africa

What body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa?

The Red Sea

Where did the Bantu migrations originate from?

West Africa

If you are in Central Africa in the Congo Basin, what environment are you most likely traveling in?

Rainforest

What environmental threat is most relevant for the people living in the Sahel?

Desertification

Which of the African Great Lakes meets at the border between Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania?

Lake Victoria

Which one of these is the southernmost of the African Great Lakes?

Lake Malawi

Which bodies of water are part of the Nile River system?

Lake Victoria

The Blue Nile

The White Nile

What country is the Okavango Delta located in?

Botswana

What country is the Cape of Good Hope located in?

South Africa

What country is the Skeleton Coast located in?

Namibia

What area of Africa has the Kalahari Desert?

Southern Africa

What accounts for much of Africa’s varied climates?

Latitude

How many days can a camel live without water?

17 days

What is traded via the Trans-Saharan trade?

Ivory, Slaves, Gold, and Salt

The Great Rift Valley

\-Tectonic forces are slowly pulling apart two plates, which may eventually produce a new ocean

\-It is located near the Horn of Africa

\-The two plates are the African Plate and the Indian Plate

What countries would be involved with the building of the ‘Great Green Wall’

Chad, Sudan, Mauritania, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Eritrea

Where did the movie ‘The Lion King,’ most likely take place in?

The Serengeti

True or False: the Sahara Desert may have once had significant vegetation in the far past.

True

True or False: The Equator runs through Africa

True

What are diamonds that are mined in African conflict zones called?

Blood Diamonds

Micro-lending

a form of financing that provides small amounts of money to typically very poor fledgling entrepreneurs to encourage self-sufficiency and to end poverty

Lingua franca

bridge of common language

Great Rift Valley

A 35-mile rift in the desert of Ethiopia will likely become a new ocean eventually, researchers now confirm. The crack, 20 feet wide in spots, opened in 2005 and some geologists believe that it could create a new waterway. 

Escarpment

a long, __steep__ slope, especially one at the edge of a __plateau__ or __separating__ areas of land at different heights.

Canopy (as in a rainforest)

made up of the overlapping branches and leaves of rainforest trees.

Desertification

the process by which vegetation in drylands i.e. arid and semi-arid lands, such as grasslands or shrublands, decreases and eventually disappears

Sahel

It is defined as the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. Having a hot semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea.

African Diaspora

the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s

Savanna

a __grassy__ plain in tropical and __subtropical__ regions, with few trees.

Cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the __grower__.

Bantu Migration

a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group, which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa.

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through __diplomacy__ or military force.

Berlin Conference

sought to discuss the partitioning of Africa, establishing rules to amicably divide resources among the Western countries at the expense of the African people

King Leopold II

the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885-1908.

Apartheid

a policy or system of __segregation__ or discrimination on grounds of race.

Genocide

the __deliberate__ killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of __destroying__ that nation or group.

Divergent

occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other

Confluence

occurs when two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel

Transition zone-

a geographical area of overlap, with a gradient of replacement and partial segregation. between biotic components

b drain

the migration of health personnel in search of the better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide.

Eugenics

the science of breeding better human beings.

Paternalism

the term used for actions we take or decisions we make for another person with the intention of benefiting that person.

Noble savage

a stock character who is uncorrupted by civilization

Kleptocracy

is a government whose corrupt leaders use political power to expropriate the wealth of the people and land they govern, typically by embezzling or misappropriating government

Refugee

people who have fled war, violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another country

Cataracts (as with rivers)

section of a rapidly flowing river where the running water falls suddenly in a sheer drop

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994

F.W. De Klerk

politician who as president of South Africa (1989–94) brought the apartheid system of racial segregation to an end and negotiated a transition to majority rule in his country.

Afrikaners

a South African of European descent whose native language is Afrikaans

Pandemic

occurs when an epidemic spreads to a larger region, or across multiple nations or continents.

Epidemic

a sudden disease outbreak that affects a large number of people in a particular region, community, or population.

Subsistence farming

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer and mostly found in less developed countries

One commodity country

a country that relies on one principal export for much of its earnings

Colonialism

taking over and expanding a nation; setting up shop (permanet settalment) 

How does physical geography affect the population distribution in Africa? How do physical landforms affect population density?

Most people live near water. The Nile river has the highest population density in Africa. Most people live in the horn of Africa because the top of Africa is all desert.

What climate factors affect Africa? How has this factor had the most effect on Africa’s varied climates?

The climate factors that affect Africa are Forestland, Savanna, Grassland, Semi-Desert, and Extreme desert. These factors have affected Africa's varied climates by making the temperatures fluctuate depending on what part of the continent you are in. Forestland has a very tropical climate while the Extreme desert has an Arid climate.

Why was Africa once considered the “Dark Continent?”

It was difficult to reach the middle of the continent due to there being little natural harbors, and a giant dessert at the top of the continent. Africa itself is a giant plateau. It took a long time for explorers to be able to explore Africa. They were at first just establishing colonies on the edges of the continents. They wanted to explore the middle but because of diseases it made it difficult.

Describe their climate regions and how they are distributed

The top of Africa is desert, the bottom is Savanna which is grassland, in the middle there are many lush rainforests

Describe the transition line by physical features to human characteristics

There is about a clean split in Africa between Islam (North) and Christianity (South). The Africa transition zone is the Sahel which is a Semi-Arid area that transitions the Sahara into the Savanna

Describe the ecosystems inside the heart of Africa

The Congo basin is a big forest that is home to thousands of animals. The middle of Africa is thick lush forests. The Sahel is a semi-arid grassland (also known as the African Transition Zone) 

Imperialism and Colonialism: How did it influence Africa’s current borders, with lack of care towards separating different groups

It separated them by what would be best for the imperialist countries and not for africa (aka Berlin Conference)

Imperialism and Colonialism: How it affected Africa’s economic development

forced the demise of African industry and created a reliance on imported goods from Europe.

Imperialism and Colonialism: What were some of the negative aspects once the door opened in the Dark Continent?

Countries in africa had no representation and there history was forgotten and replaced with the french, dutch, or british beliefs

Imperialism and Colonialism: What type of infrastructure was built inside the European run states?

Imperialism the european run states used imperialism to dominate the continent of africa

Imperialism and Colonialism: How did this affect the development of their future governments?

Africans were taught of the british culture and the imperialism left an affect in africa 

Describe the Berlin Conference

14 european nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing Africa, no african nations were invited and cares were not given over ethnic division. Any nation could claim land provided they showed they could control the area and notified other nations

What political, social, and economic effects happened during the colonial era in Africa?

brought racism, discrimination, inequality and seriously warped many African political and economic institutions.

What is the history of South Africa with colonization? Why would colonizers want South Africa?

In 1652 South Africa was first colonized by the Dutch East India Company in Table Bay. Colonizers wanted to expand land, to take over South Africa so they could have routes to India, and colonial competition against other European Empires.

Who are the Boers?

the people in southern Africa who traced their ancestry to Dutch. The term is used to describe the white settlers because they primarily worked in agriculture, farming the fertile soil in South Africa.

Who are the Afrikanners?

 a South African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch immigrants first. These people are the minority group ruling the majority.

What European country was at war with the Boers?

United kingdom

Who is the ANC?

The African National Congress; is a social-democratic political party in south aftica; this party is run by the europeans and opposed Aparthied.

Who is the ANP?

Afrikaner (national party), a European dependent of the dutch in south africa

Who is Nelson Mandela and what did he accomplish in S. Africa? 

Nelson Mandela was a person who was against the apartheid laws; he became involved in political protest in 1944; the Afrikaners who were in charge of the apartheid laws put him on trial for protesting and resisting these laws; he was sentenced to life in prison; while in prison he did the opposite of what the Europeans wanted, he became more popular and many people wanted him out; he worked with F.W. de Klerk to end Aparthied; once Aparthied was banned the people were able to vote on their leader and they chose Nelson Mandela; he became president in 1994.

What is it currently like in S. Africa today?

There has been lots of improvement since apartheid but still poverty and unemployment remain high. There are still some areas where it is white only but they no longer take away human rights or discriminate. Apartheid also caused a lot of economic decrease causing the South African economy today to be not as developed as most other countries.

Classification

Classifying people into groups based on ethnicity, religious beliefs, or physical measurements. An example could be Hutus and Tutsis being classified by physical measurements such as nose size.

Symbolization

Naming groups to recognize and distinguish them from other groups. For example, naming them “jews” or “gypsies”. Groups will also be recognized by symbols, for example jews with the yellow star or the blue scarf for people in the eastern zone. Symbolization doesn't always lead to genocide

Dehumanization

Those perceived as "different" are treated without human rights and treated as objects rather than people to justify the mass killings. Tutsis are called "cockroaches" and people will object less to their killings since they are subconsciously not considered a human being.

Organization

Genocide is a group crime and those groups need to be organized. They will create armies and/or militias. They find ways of getting weapons and plan out a way of killing all of their victims. An example in hotel Rwanda is the military funding to the Interahamwe.

Polarization

When the groups are divided apart. Propaganda is broadcasted on the news/radio. Groups silence one another and may not be allowed to interact with each other.

Preparation

perpetrators plan the genocide and often use euphemism, such as the Nazis' "The Final Solution" to conceal their intentions, and often justify the discrimination and extermination as an act of self defense rather than genocide.

Extermination

quickly becomes the mass killing part of genocide. The killers don’t recognize the people are true human beings so they just exterminate all. Often armed forces and militias doing the killing. At this point only fast and extreme intervention can stop the genocide

Denial

Witnesses are killed, bribed or threatened and evidence is destroyed, such as dead bodies being burned. The perpetrators then deny the existence of the genocide or change the numbers of deaths to minimize their punishments.

Hotel Rowanda: Classification

**Dividing them into groups (tutsi and hutus)** 

Hotel Rowanda: Symbolization

**Naming and identifying members of the group occurs through symbolization. (Tutsis were called cockroaches)**

Hotel Rowanda: Dehumanization

the hutus calling the tutsis “cockroaches”

Hotel Rowanda: Preparation

 **the hutus had planned attacks on the tutsis** 

Hotel Rowanda: Extermination

Interahamwe attacks

Hotel Rowanda: Denial

when the general denies that he is on the list

Hotel Rowanda: Polarization

the radio

Hotel Rowanda: Organization

interahamwe

what is going on with Paul R. currently?

Paul recently just got out of jail in Rwanda. He got arrested for terrorism charges about funding a genocide. Which is true however, he only did it to save over a thousand people's lives hiding in his hotel. Since fleeing Rwanda he has homes in Brussels, Belgium, and San Antonio. He was very fortunate that the US helped shorten his stay in prison from 25 years to only 2.

How is Rwanda economically?

Rwanda’s economy is very poor and ranks 146th in the world. Rwanda also has an average income of $780 USD yearly. The 1994 conflict wiped out the country's economy, and in 2016 Rwanda’s poverty rate was 92%. Rwanda’s main exports today are gold, refined petroleum, and tin ores.

Africa is the second largest continent in the world and is covered by ___

large plateaus

_____  the world's longest river flowing at 4000 miles and is greatly relied on by the Egyptians

The Nile RiverMountains are mainly volcanic

Mountains are mainly volcanic EX: ___

Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro

_____ is covered by volcanic rock

Great Escarpment

Very rich in ____

materials

____ is the most important economic activity in  Africa; 60% earn a living from farming

Agriculture

Multilingual

 in/using multiple languages