Ap psychology unit 4 flashcards

Learning

change in behavior based on experience

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning. Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food

associate Learning

When a person will associate something with an effect (getting good grades and rewards)

classical conditioning

(Pavlov and Watson) Pairing of one stimulus with another. So that the 1st stimulus will evoke a reflex

Cognitive Learning

We learn things we haven't observed or experienced.

Stimulus

change in the environment that brings a response.

Respondent Behavior

Behaviors that occur as an automatic response.

Operant Behavior

Behaviors that operate on an environments consequences (Someone saying please)

unconditional response UR

A response that happens automatically and isn't learned. (hunger)

Unconditioned Stimulus US

Something that lead to a unconditioned response. (the smell of food makes you hungry)

Conditioned response CR

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of a previous conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus CS

Something that didn't affect someone but through conditioning it know evokes a response.

Acqusition

the formation of a new response

Extinction

The weakening or disappearance of a tendency.

Spontaneous Recovery

A reappearance of a extinguished response after a period where the conditioned stimulus was taken away.

Generalization

When someone has learned to respond to a certain stimulus responds to a stimulus similar to it.

Discrimination

When someone has learned to respond to a certain stimulus doesn't respond to a stimulus similar to it.

John B Watson

Agreed with classical conditioning and that all you needed to control behavior was to change the environment.

Little Albert

John B Watson made loud noises to associate the white rat with fear, after 6 times Albert got scared of the rat alone

operant conditioning

(Skinner) Consequences of a behavior influence if it will be repeated. A subject will voluntarily emit behavior and can learn new ones.

law of effect

Behavior that has good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated.

Operant Chamber

Where an animal in a small enclosure can make a specific response and the consequences are recorded and controlled.

Reinforcement

Increase the likelihood a behavior will be repeated

Shaping

Responses that are approximately or similar to a desired response are rewarded however ones that aren't similar to the desires response are not rewarded. This happens until the subject makes the desired response.

positive reinforcement

When something is given

negative reinforcement

When something is taken away.

Primary Reinforcement

Something organisms don't loose drive for. (Pleasure, hunger etc)

Conditioned Reinforcer

when paired it acquires the same reinforcement properties associated with the primary reinforcer (Money etc)

Reinforcement schedules

how often the occurrence of a behavior will receive a reinforcement.

Fixed-ratio schedule

Doesn't change (predictable) Concerns numbers and amount (quantity)

Variable ratio schedule

Changes (unpredictable) You don't know how many times your going to be rewarded. (Gambling)

Fixed interval schedule

Doesn't change (predictable) Concerns time and length

Punishment (positive and negative)

Something added (positive) or taken away (negative) to stop a behavior

Cognitive map

A mental map we create to navigate a place

Latent learning

A behavior that occur only when the person has motivations to do it. (Scaling a wall to escape a enemy)

Insight

sudden solution to a problem (having an epiphany)

Intrinsic Motivation

Desire to preform a action for it's own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

Desire to preform an action to receive reward or avoid punishment

Internal locus of control

They believe it is their actions that affect their life (their fault they failed a test)

External locus of control

They believe outside factors affect their life (luck, other people)

Self control

ability to delay gratification and control impulses

Observational learning

A person's response is influenced by the observation of another.

Social learning

social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others (Albert Bandura)

Modeling

Learning by imitation alone

Mirror neurons

Neurons in brain fire making you imitate a behavior (You smile when someone else does)

Prosocial behavior

behavior through which people benefit others (sharing, donating)

Antisocial behavior

No regard for right and wrong (can be dangerous/ Anti-social personality disorder)

Albert Bandura

(Social learning) Showed in several studies that both reinforcement and punishment influence an observer's subsequent behavior.

Edward Throndike

invented instrumental learning where for example a cat would have to hit a button to receive a fish, gradually the cat lost random movements and just hit the button to get the fish. This is also an example of law and effect

Edward Tolman

John Garcia

His taste they claimed if someone will avoid foods they never ate if around that time they felt sick or nauseous. (Classical conditioning)

Robert Rescoria

Learned helplessness

Social learning

Behavior is learned by witnessing other preform it.

Biofeedback

Enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

Emotion focused coping

To relieve stress a person won't tackle the problem but cope in a way that doesn't solve the main problem.

Problem Focused coping

To relieve stress a person will tackle the problem head on, therefore attempting to solve it.

Variable Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement is given after the first response in a unpredictable amount of time.

Habituation

Decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it.