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natural law
Principle discovered through reason that governs human conduct
Social Contract
Contract with government where people give up freedom to avoid chaos
natural rights
Human rights from birth for life, liberty and property
Philosophe
“Philosopher” in French, person who wanted to reform society during the Enlightenment
Voltaire
Poet, essayist, historian, and philosopher known for writing with sarcasm and wit; imprisoned for criticizing the French government
laissez faire
System where the government stays out of the economy, ruled solely by supply and demand
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," shaping economics for 200 years
free market
Supply and demand regulated market
free enterprise system
Capitalism in which private businesses compete with little government interference
Censorship
Restricted access to ideas or information
Salon
Social gatherings for sharing ideas among artists, poets, writers, philosophers, and scientists
Baroque
Ornate style of art and architecture popular in France during the 1600s and 1700s
Rococo
Elegant style of art and architecture featuring shells, leaves, and flowers
enlightened despot
Absolute ruler who uses power to bring social change
Joseph II
Holy Roman Emperor in Austria known for modernizing government, abolishing serfdom, and supporting religious equality
Emigre
A person who flees their country for political reasons
Sans-culottes
Working-class individuals who radicalized the French Revolution, known for wearing long trousers
Jacobin
Member of a radical political club during the French Revolution
Suffrage
Right to vote
Maximilen Robespierre
French Revolutionary leader, member of the Jacobin party and Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
Period during the French Revolution (September 1793 to July 1794) marked by arrests for anti-revolutionary sentiments
Guillotine
Device used for beheading during the Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte
Military leader who became council for life and later crowned himself Emperor of France
Nationalism
Belief that people in a nation, regardless of race or ethnicity, form a distinct group
Marseilles
Song that became the national anthem of France after being associated with French troops leaving a port city
Declaration of the rights of men and citizen
Flashcard:
A fundamental document from the French Revolution, adopted in 1789, that outlines individual and collective rights. It emphasizes principles such as equality, liberty, and fraternity, asserting that all men are born free and equal in rights.
Declaration of the rights of women
This document, authored by Olympe de Gouges in 1791, asserts that women should have the same rights as men, including political participation and social equality.
Olympe de Gouges
Wrote “Declaration of the Rights of Women” Protested the treatment of women, and addressed her concerns directly to Queen Marie Antoinette.
Marie Antoinette
The last queen of France before the French Revolution, she was the wife of Louis XVI. She was executed by guillotine in 1793, symbolizing the end of monarchy in France.
Louis XVI
King of France before the revolution, resisted reform, died by guillotine in 1793.
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Catholic Priest in Mexico, led mestizo in revolution against Spain.
Father Jose Morelos
Led movement in Southern Mexico, Called the Congress of childaneingo to form government, captured and executed as traitor.
Charlotte Corday
Assainated Jean Paul Marat, as part of the federalist movement, was later guillotined for murder.
Simon Bolivar
South American soldier, key in Latin American revolution for independence, died of Turberculoses in 1830
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