Studied by 21 peopleAgribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry.
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock.
Aquaculture
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Bid-rent curve
A model showing that the amount a farmer is willing to pay for land declines with increasing distance.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.
Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Genetically Modified Organism
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Third Agricultural Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Horticulture
Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Paddy
The Malay word for “wet rice”; increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice.
Second Agricultural Revolution
An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock.
Shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Subsistence Agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area.
Truck farming
Commercial gardening, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
Wet rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
Annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Census tract
Area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for statistics.
Central Business District
Area of a city with business, consumer, and public services.
Edge City
Node of office and retail activities on urban edge.
Galactic Model
Model of urban settlement.
Gentrification
Process of converting urban neighborhoods to middle-income.
Municipality
Legally incorporated urban settlement.
Megalopolis
Continuous urban complex, like in northeastern U.S.
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Urbanized area of at least 50,000 population in the U.S.
Rush hour
Heaviest traffic periods in the morning and evening.
Sector model
Model of city structure with social groups in sectors radiating from CBD.
Smart growth
Urban expansion approach protecting rural land, following development principles.
Sprawl
Development of low-density housing away from existing built-up areas.
Suburb
Residential or commercial area away from existing built-up areas.
Urban area
Central city surrounding suburbs in the U.S.
Urban cluster
A term no longer used to describe an urban area in the United States with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
Apparel
An article of clothing.
Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a higher volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Fordist production
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific taste to perform repeatedly.
Industry
The manufacturing of goods in a factory.
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
Maquiladora
A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Post-Fordist production
Adoption by companies of flexible work files, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Right-to-work law
A U.S. lawyer that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires to join the union as a condition of employment.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Vertical integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
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