Ch. 10

Agribusiness: Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry.
Agriculture: The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock.
Aquaculture: The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Bid-rent curve: A model showing that the amount a farmer is willing to pay for land declines with increasing distance from the market.
Columbian Exchange: The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.
Commercial Agriculture: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Genetically Modified Organism: A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Third Agricultural Revolution: Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Horticulture: Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
Milkshed: The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Paddy: The Malay word for “wet rice”; increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Ranching: A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Sawah: A flooded field for growing rice.
Second Agricultural Revolution: An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock.
Shifting cultivation: A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Subsistence Agriculture: Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area.
Truck farming: Commercial gardening, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
Wet rice: Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
Ch. 13
Annexation: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Census tract: Area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for statistics.
Central Business District: Area of a city with business, consumer, and public services.
Edge City: Node of office and retail activities on urban edge.
Galactic Model: Model of urban areas with runner city and suburban areas.
Gentrification: Process of converting urban neighborhoods to middle-income.
Municipality: Legally incorporated urban settlement.
Megalopolis: Continuous urban complex, like in northeastern U.S.
Metropolitan Statistical Area: Urbanized area of at least 50,000 population in the U.S.
Rush hour: Heaviest traffic periods in the morning and evening.
Sector model: Model of city structure with social groups in sectors radiating from CBD.
Smart growth: Urban expansion approach protecting rural land, following development principles.
Sprawl: Development of low-density housing away from existing built-up areas.
Suburb: Residential or commercial area outside central city.
Urban area: Central city surrounding suburbs in the U.S.
Urban cluster: A term no longer used to describe an urban area in the United States with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
Ch. 11
Apparel: An article of clothing.
Break-of-bulk point: A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Bulk-gaining industry: An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Cottage industry: Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Fordist production: A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific taste to perform repeatedly.
Industry: The manufacturing of goods in a factory.
Just-in-time delivery: Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
Maquiladora: A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Outsourcing: A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Post-Fordist production: Adoption by companies of flexible work files, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Right-to-work law: A U.S. lawyer that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires to join the union as a condition of employment.
Site factors: Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation factors: Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Vertical integration: An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

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AP Human Geography

ECHS Final Exam AP Human Geography

Ch. 10

Agribusiness: Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry.
Agriculture: The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock.
Aquaculture: The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Bid-rent curve: A model showing that the amount a farmer is willing to pay for land declines with increasing distance from the market.
Columbian Exchange: The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.
Commercial Agriculture: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Genetically Modified Organism: A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Third Agricultural Revolution: Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Horticulture: Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
Milkshed: The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Paddy: The Malay word for “wet rice”; increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Ranching: A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Sawah: A flooded field for growing rice.
Second Agricultural Revolution: An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock.
Shifting cultivation: A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Subsistence Agriculture: Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area.
Truck farming: Commercial gardening, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
Wet rice: Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
Ch. 13
Annexation: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Census tract: Area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for statistics.
Central Business District: Area of a city with business, consumer, and public services.
Edge City: Node of office and retail activities on urban edge.
Galactic Model: Model of urban areas with runner city and suburban areas.
Gentrification: Process of converting urban neighborhoods to middle-income.
Municipality: Legally incorporated urban settlement.
Megalopolis: Continuous urban complex, like in northeastern U.S.
Metropolitan Statistical Area: Urbanized area of at least 50,000 population in the U.S.
Rush hour: Heaviest traffic periods in the morning and evening.
Sector model: Model of city structure with social groups in sectors radiating from CBD.
Smart growth: Urban expansion approach protecting rural land, following development principles.
Sprawl: Development of low-density housing away from existing built-up areas.
Suburb: Residential or commercial area outside central city.
Urban area: Central city surrounding suburbs in the U.S.
Urban cluster: A term no longer used to describe an urban area in the United States with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
Ch. 11
Apparel: An article of clothing.
Break-of-bulk point: A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Bulk-gaining industry: An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Cottage industry: Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Fordist production: A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific taste to perform repeatedly.
Industry: The manufacturing of goods in a factory.
Just-in-time delivery: Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
Maquiladora: A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Outsourcing: A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Post-Fordist production: Adoption by companies of flexible work files, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Right-to-work law: A U.S. lawyer that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires to join the union as a condition of employment.
Site factors: Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation factors: Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Vertical integration: An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.