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Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (O.C.E.A.N.)
Trait Stability (The Big Five)
20s C↑, 30s A↑
Mostly stable during adulthood
(ONE↓, CA↑)
A personality trait that measures how organized and responsible an individual is. High levels indicate that you’re hardworking, ethical, and organized.
A personality trait that assesses how kind and cooperative an individual is. High levels indicate helpful, trusting, + empathetic.
A statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait, reduces personality variation to 2 dimensions (e.g. spiderweb chart)
+finds themes/patterns in big piles of data!
Personality Inventory (type of Self-Report Inventory)
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors to assess selected personality traits. (e.g. Myers-Brigg Personality Test).
It is a self-report questionnaire that aims to assess an individual's personality traits by asking them to respond to a series of statements about their behaviors, attitudes, & feelings
Personality Inventory vs. Self-Report Inventory (Questionnaires)
Self-report inventory: people answer questions about themselves; can measure different things, like personality, emotions, behaviors, or attitudes. (MMPI Test)
Personality inventory: a specific type of self-report inventor, focusing only on personality traits (like introversion, extraversion, or openness). (Myers-Brigg)
The unconscious part of personality that satisfies basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operating on the plesaure principle & demanding immediate gratification
A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli (words, images, etc.) designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics. (e.g. rorschach inkblot test)
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment (they all interact + influence one another)
A sense of competence regarding one's ability to perform tasks
The 7 Defense Mechanisms
(Freud) Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality unconsciously. He believed repression enabled:
1. Regression 2. Reaction Formation 3.Projection
4. Rationalization 5. Displacement 6. Sublimation
7. Denial
Regression
Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
Reaction Formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (“I’m not sad I’m thrilled!!”).
(e.g. repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness [overcompensating])
Projection
Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Rationalization
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
Displacement
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.
Sublimation
Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives (e.g. feels urge to go to a practice & yell at coach; instead offers to teach little brother to play soccer).
Denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
Humanistic theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. Focused on the individual.
Social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
SC theorists focus on how we and our environment interact
Free association
method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (innermost thoughts said aloud)
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
