BSC2010 Genetics Flashcards

These flashcards cover key concepts from chapters 12 and 13 of genetics, focusing on Mendelian genetics, inheritance patterns, and genetic disorders.

An allele is __________.

Alternate Versions of a gene.

P Generation refers to __________.

True breeding plants.

F1 Generation refers to __________.

Offspring.

F2 Generation refers to __________.

F1 offsprings.

A dominant trait is __________.

Expressed.

A recessive trait is __________.

Hidden.

Homozygous means __________.

2 same alleles.

Heterozygous means __________.

2 different alleles.

Phenotype is defined as __________.

Expressed physical traits.

Genotype is defined as __________.

Genetic make-up.

The Law of Segregation states that __________.

The 2 alleles for each character separate during gamete formation.

A testcross is used to __________.

Determine if a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous by crossing with recessive (pp).

A monohybrid cross studies __________.

1 character.

A dihybrid cross studies __________.

2 characters.

Complete dominance means __________.

Heterozygote and homozygote for dominant allele are indistinguishable.

Incomplete dominance results in __________.

F1 hybrids having an appearance that is between that of 2 parents.

Codominance refers to __________.

Phenotype of both alleles being expressed.

Multiple alleles indicate __________.

A gene has 2+ alleles.

Polygenic inheritance is the effect of __________.

2 or more genes acting upon a single phenotypic character.

A pedigree is __________.

A diagram that shows the relationship between parents/offspring across 2+ generations.

Autosomal recessive genetic disorders include __________.

Cystic fibrosis (CF), Tay-Sachs disease, Sickle-cell disease, and Phenylketonuria (PKU).

Autosomal dominant genetic disorders include __________.

Huntington’s disease (HD).

A sex-linked trait is __________.

Located on X or Y.

A locus is __________.

A gene's specific location on chromosomes.

Hemizygous means __________.

Males express recessive trait on the single X.

A Barr body is __________.

An inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell.

The SRY gene is defined as __________.

Sex-determining region of Y.

Linked genes are __________.

Located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

A linkage map is __________.

A genetic map based on % of cross-over events.

Non-nuclear DNA refers to __________.

Some genes located in organelles.

Amniocentesis is __________.

The removal of amniotic fluid around fetus to culture for karyotype.

Chorionic villus sampling involves __________.

Inserting a narrow tube in the cervix to extract a sample of placenta with fetal cells for karyotype.

Nondisjunction refers to __________.

Chromosomes fail to separate properly in Meiosis I or II.

Klinefelter syndrome is represented by __________.

47XXY or XXY.

Turner syndrome is represented by __________.

45XO or 45X.

Aneuploidy is defined as __________.

An incorrect number of chromosomes.

Polyploidy means __________.

2+ complete sets of chromosomes.

Deletion involves __________.

Removing a chromosomal segment.

Duplication refers to __________.

Repeating a segment.

Inversion means __________.

Reversing a segment within a chromosome.

Translocation refers to __________.

Moving a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.

A dominant allele is expressed over __________.

A recessive allele.

The F2 generation can be generated from __________.

A self-fertilizing F1 hybrid.

Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype that is __________.

A blend of the two parent phenotypes.

An example of codominance is __________.

ABO blood type.

Polygenic traits are typically influenced by __________.

Multiple genes.

Genetic disorders may be categorized as either __________ or __________.

Autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.

An example of a sex-linked disorder is __________.

Hemophilia.

A carrier for a recessive trait is an individual who __________.

Holds one copy of the recessive allele.

Mendel's key finding about heredity was the concept of __________.

Segregation of alleles.

Who conducted the foundational experiments in genetics known as __________.

Gregor Mendel.

A ratio of 9:3:3:1 is typically derived from __________.

A dihybrid cross.

The phenotype refers to __________.

The visible expression of a trait.

Genotype representation can be either __________ or __________.

Homozygous or heterozygous.

When two traits are examined at once, this is called __________.

A dihybrid cross.

The term 'hemizygous' primarily applies to __________.

Males with one X chromosome.

Gametes are produced through the process of __________.

Meiosis.

A chromosome map yields insight into the __________ of traits.

Inheritance patterns.

Translocation may cause __________ in the offspring.

Genetic disorders.

Chromosomal inversions may lead to __________ in terms of gene expression.

Altered gene function.

An individual with Turner syndrome typically has __________.

One missing X chromosome.

The observable trait of an organism is called its __________.

Phenotype.

A testcross uses a __________ individual to help determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.

Homozygous recessive.

Cystic fibrosis is an example of a __________ disorder.

Autosomal recessive.

The inheritance pattern known as __________ allows for two alleles to fully express themselves.

Codominance.

Failure of paired chromosomes to separate during meiosis results in __________.

Nondisjunction.

Genetic mapping utilizes __________ to determine the distance between genes on chromosomes.

Crossover frequencies.

The Barr body represents one of the two X chromosomes in __________.

Female mammals.

Polygenic inheritance explains traits like __________ and __________.

Skin color and height.

The primary reason for genetic variability in sexual reproduction is __________.

Independent assortment.

Traits expressed only in males are typically __________ linked.

X.

Duplications in chromosomes can result in __________ disorders.

Developmental.

A genetic disorder caused by a single gene mutation is often termed __________.

Monogenic.

Pedigrees are useful for tracking __________ through generations.

Hereditary conditions.