chapter 3 (level 1)

3.1.L1.1: Why did King James I come to distrust Virginia and its House of Burgesses?

He hated tobacco, distrusted the representative assembly as a "seminary of sedition," and wanted direct royal control over the colony.

3.1.L1.2: How did Maryland's Act of Toleration of 1649 actually reflect a lack of total religious freedom?

It protected Roman Catholics and Trinitarian Christians, but decreed the death penalty for Jews, atheists, and anyone denying the divinity of Jesus.

3.2.L1.1: Why was sugar considered a "rich man's crop" while tobacco was considered a "poor man's crop"?

Sugar required extensive capital investment, large land tracts, and expensive refining machinery, whereas tobacco could be planted easily by small farmers.

3.2.L1.2: What was the primary purpose of the Barbados Slave Code of 1661?

To strip enslaved Africans of fundamental rights and give slave owners complete legal authority to inflict severe punishments.

3.2.L1.3: How did Carolina's economic connection to the West Indies influence its labor system?

Many Carolina settlers migrated from Barbados, bringing established slave codes and creating an economy dependent on enslaved African labor.

3.3.L1.1: How did Martin Luther's 95 Theses alter the political and religious landscape of Europe?

It ignited the Protestant Reformation, breaking Western European Christianity into competing Protestant and Catholic sects and driving imperial rivalries.

3.3.L1.2: What was the core theological difference between Puritans and Separatists?

Puritans wanted to reform the Church of England from within, while Separatists believed the church was corrupted beyond repair and vowed to break away completely.

3.4.L1.1: Why was the Mayflower Compact historically significant for American democracy?

It was a pioneer agreement to submit to the will of the majority under agreed-upon laws, setting a precedent for self-governance.

3.5.L1.1: What did John Winthrop mean when he described Massachusetts Bay as a "City upon a Hill"?

He meant the colony was tasked by God to build a holy Puritan society that would serve as a moral beacon to the rest of the world.

3.5.L1.2: How did franchise rights in Massachusetts Bay differ from voting rights in England?

Voting was extended to all adult male "freemen" belonging to Puritan congregations, granting political rights to a wider proportion of men than in England.

3.6.L1.1: Why were Roger Williams's views considered dangerously radical by Massachusetts leaders?

He advocated for complete separation of church and state, denied the legality of taking Native land without compensation, and rejected state enforcement of religious laws.

3.6.L1.2: Why was Anne Hutchinson's doctrine of antinomianism viewed as a threat to Puritan political authority?

By claiming the truly saved need not obey human or divine laws, she undermined the moral and political authority of Puritan ministers and magistrates.

3.7.L1.1: What was unique about Connecticut's Fundamental Orders of 1639?

It was a democratic constitution that established a regime controlled by the "substantial" citizens, serving as a blueprint for later colonial charters.

3.8.L1.1: How did King Philip's War affect both English colonists and Native Americans in New England?

It halted English westward expansion for decades, but completely destroyed Native American unity and independent presence in southern New England.

3.9.L1.1: Why did Sir Edmund Andros provoke severe hostility among New England colonists?

He suppressed town meetings, restricted the press, revoked land titles, taxed colonists without consent, and enforced the hated Navigation Laws.

3.9.L1.2: What was the concept of "salutary neglect" following the Glorious Revolution?

A policy where the British crown relaxed its enforcement of strict trade regulations (Navigation Laws) as long as colonies remained economically loyal.

3.10.L1.1: How did Quaker beliefs regarding social hierarchy and violence set them apart from other European colonists?

Quakers refused to bow or take off hats to social superiors, rejected state-supported clergy, refused to swear oaths, and practiced strict pacifism against war.

3.10.L1.2: Why were the Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, PA, DE) known as the "bread colonies"?

They possessed fertile soil and broad river valleys that produced massive surplus exports of grain, corn, and flour.