Evolution is Evil

biological evolution

genetic change in a population over time

where do all living organisms come from

one celled species

Theory of Evolution who made it

organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival - Charles Darwin

How did Charles Darwin make his theory

travelling collected scientific evidence

micro-evolution

genetic change that occur over a small number of generations, evolution within a species

Why does micro-evolution happen

Adaptation bc of natural selection of the fittest offspring, changes in allele frequencies help species better adapt, happen in few generations

Macroevolution and how its documented

large-scale genetic change takes long time, evolution between species documented in fossil record

evidence for Theory of Evolution

fossil evidence, biogeography, anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology (DNA and proteins)

Strongest evidence for Theory of Evolution

Fossils

3 key features of fossil record

fossils appear in chronological order in layers of sedimentary rock, top of rock youngest lower oldest, different fossils appear in layers of rock in different ages

Four main fossilization processes

Mineralization, preservation, molds, compression

Mineralization

ions and atoms in metals found in rocks breaks down and powder in water fossils fall into water and metal ions go into skeleton making it metal tough

preservation

Amber, tar pits, and permafrost keep organism intact

Molds

fossil take long time to decompose and leave a hollow/impression in rock

Compression

leaves and ferns under sedimentary pressure, due to stuff such as landslides trap plant materials and entomb them

Transitional fossils

Show intermediary links between organisms help scientists understand relationships between groups of organisms alive at different times

Archeopteryx

Both reptiles and bird like, first reptillian fossil with bird like feathers imprinted in sedimentary rock

Vestigial structures

Reduced forms of structures that were once useful in ancestors but no longer needed in organisms today (ex pelvic bones in whales)

Tiktaalik, where was it found

transitional form between fish and tetrapods, found in Canadian Arctic

Biogeography

study of past and present geographical distribution of species

Alfred Wedner

1900s all continents joined by Pangea

Anatomy

Anatomical similarities between species

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. But each structure has different functions now

Analogous structure

Perform similar function but no common ancestry

Comparative embryology

Study of structures in embryo development, ex. all vertebrate embryos have pharyngeal pouches in their throat and develop same stages same process

Molecular biology

DNA comparison, amino acid sequence comparison, determine protein production from gene from amino acids

Pentadactyl limb, where this shown

A limb with five digits, all vertebrae came from early amphibians have this

Adaptative radiation

emergence of numerous species from single common ancestor introduced into an environment

Bioinformatics

mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biochemical info

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

Bioinformatics process

gene go thru 'Next-Gen' sequencing tech allow DNA found quickly, computer software compaire DNA similarities, then make phyologeny

Which phylogeny has bioinformatics most helped

Whales

highly conserved protein

proteins that show very little change over time

Pax-6 protein

regulate eye formation during embryonic development, highly conserved, suggest that its homologous

Developmental biology

the study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

vertebrate embryos proof of shared ancestry

same stages, in same sequence regardless of total time period of development

Carnegie Stages

First 60 days of development stages

how can specialized limb structures arise from basic pentadactyl structure

all vertebrae limbs form as buds at same stage of development, between tissue apoptosis seperates the digits to form fingers, variation in how much apoptosis there is

adaptation

any heritable trait that suits an organism to its natural functional role in the environment (its niche)

Genetic fitness

organism has adaptation or trait that increase its chance of survival and reproduction in an specific environment

how adaptations help organism to survive

extreme weather, win food competition, escape predators, survive in habitat and reproduce

how do adaptations arise

through natural selection, genetic characteristics best adapted to environment are seleted

origin of complex adaptations

series of microevolutionary changes

anatomical change

to improve survival, change in shape/arrangement of particular features

structural adaptations

Anatomical changes, mimicry, cryptic colouration

mimicry

Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal

cryptic colouration

camouflage

two categories of structural adaptations

homologous structures, analogous structures

homologous structures

simirality in structure due to commonc ancestor, does NOT have to share same function

analogous structures

similarity in structure based on adaptation for the same function but NOT common ancestor

Physiological Adaptations

changes in an organism's biochemical functions ex enzymes for blood clotting

behavioural adaptation

how organisms respond to their environments ie migration, courtship, foraging behavior

types of adaptations

Physical, Structural, Behavioral

Fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

Microevolution

process result from genetic changes over small number of generations

what is microevolution caused by

Changes in allele frequencies in population, help adapt to environment

who more likely to survive challenging selection pressure

Species with more genetic variation

Genetic pool

all the alleles of all the genes in a population

Natural selection

individuals with favourable traits for environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

4 types of natural selection

directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, sexual selection

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait, and shifts to eliminate the other extreme d

stabilizing selection

Middle phenotypes favored extreme get rarer over time

disruptive selection

extremes of phenotype favored and loss of intermediate phenotypes , might form two different species

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

Sexual dimorphism

different physiological traits in different sexes for fitness, ex. males oft brightly colored

Who introduced concept of sexual selection

Darwin

Two types of sexual selection

intrasexual and intersexual/mate selection

intrasexual selection and examples

male competition to mate with female, establish dominance via securing territory, ritualized battles, sperm competition

Intersexual selection

Mate choice, female choose male result in exaggerated ornamentation

what can cause stabilizing selection

there is a selection against extremes

What can cause directional selection

gradually changing conditions, where one aspect of trait is emphasized

what can cause disruptive selection

fluctuating environment that gives rise to balanced polymorphism, evidence that predators eat common morphs so rare morphs start to persist

5 mechanisms result in microevolution

Natural selection, gamete mutation, genetic drift (ie bottleneck effect, founder effect), gene flow, non-random mating/artificial slection (ie inbreeding, assortive mating)

genetic drift

chance changes in allele frequencies due to small population size, smaller population less likely parent alleles will be reflected in offspring

two types of genetic drift

bottleneck effect and founder effect

bottleneck effect

reduction in population alleles because of disaster ie earthquakes

founder effect

individuals seperate from large population to establish a new one in new habitat

gene flow

gain or loss of alleles by movement of individuals or gametes, immigration/emigration

non-random mating

Choose specific mate based on phenotype ie plant breeding

two types of non random mating

in breeding and assortative mating

assortative mating

partner is chosen for similarity in body