Unit Two AP World Pt 2

Decline/ fall of western Roman Empire

(476)

• Legal fall of empire

• German king took over Italy and then later Roman Empire

• He took the crown/scepter and sent it to the East as away to show he was ruling FOR the East (not true)

• Let Roman administrators be

• Germans eventually got overthrown

• Created a new civilization

Feudalism started because _______

Of Viking and Magyar (Hungarian) raiders; Vikings were vicious and eventually disappeared; Muslims and Magyars attack

Feudalism (9th-10th century)

Relying on local military commanders instead of state power

these leaders became their own leaders and did not listen to the monarch

It was a political system

Manoralism- feudal pyramid

• Large estates-manors had power (political, social, economic) that was exercised by warrior class of lan owning lords (vassals swore to protect kings’s or big shot lords)

Feudal pyramid rankng

1. king

2. Nobles

3. Knights| vassals

4. Peasants

ALL NOBLE MEN WERE KNIGHTS

NOBLES GET LAND WERE SUPPOSED TO SERVE KING

Abbots

Head of monastery

Urbanization ________

Decreased after fall of Roman Empire

Church

had its own legal system where clergy could be tried and represents independent institutions

Independent institutions

Powerful people often fought so merchants took over and had their own rules| city laws in place; some became independent city states

Parliaments|estates

• Were used to embody the three estates

• 1 - clergy

• 2- landowning nobility

• 3- Commoners

Strengthened royal authority through consulting major social groups

At first only applied to nobility

Climate

Warmer weather in summer allowed for farmers|pastoralists to move to the highlands to herd their flock

Population of EU

Grew from 35 mil to 80 mil in 340 years during High Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

1000-1300

• Caused the acceleration of social and economic change; education and urbanization got better

Serfdom pt 2

Many peasants were able to get out of serfdom bc of a greater stability and power of states over lords —> money over labor

Black Death

Created shortages of labor —> people alive demanded lower rents, wages, and labor conditions

Agriculture

Creation of

1. Heavy wheeled plow

2. Horse drawn plows

3. More effective collars

4. Three field crop rotation

   All improved agriculture to support growing population. Also new land was made

Serfdom pt1

Had rights but tied to land

People received a small and such protection which was the most protection some people could receive

Post 1000: rise of Nation-States

• Economic and political recovery

• End of dark ages

• A system of competing states started and had royal courts, beaucracies, and professional administration.

• There were city states (Italy) and principalities (Germany)

Wars

Often brought death, destruction, and disruption to communities —> made roles|status of military men and lords

Gunpowder

• Canons; firearms

• Borrowed from china

• EU was first to use it in canons

• By 14th C had the most impressive arsenal

Naval technology

• Magnetic compasses were taken from china

• Advances in ship building, axel rudder, different kinds of sails, and navigational techniques helped further mastery of sea

Roman church

Influence was all over Europe; had laity

Hierarchy/ Network

Popes, bishops, priest;

Had a church in almost every community

Wealth/ power

• Collected large amounts of land —> made the church powerful and funded the religious, educational, and charitable initiatives

• Church big men e living lavish lives

• People left money to the churhc

Continued fragmentation

(100 in NS)

Never united again like Rome

“Compared to china —> lots of unity”false

Flagellants

Believed the Black Death was a punishment form God

Atoned for sons through beating themselves

Pogroms

Violent reaction where they killed Jewish people

Environment of EU

Developments caused damage such as deforestation for fields overfishing, human waste pollution

Energy

After 1000, mechanical energy was used (cranks, flagwheels, camshafts) affected trade

Trade

Increase in energy caused agricultural expansion and long distance trade within Europeans Byzantium and Islam. Commercial bonds were formed between these people

Urbanization

Population of cities and towns grew

attracted new people and started universities

Division of labor

People do diferente jobs; always existed

Guilds

Associations of people pursuing the same line of work

Women of EU

• Had more substantial opportunities

• Were active in many urban professions

• By 15th c —> artisian roles declined

• Many were attracted to religious roles and therefore men’s power tightened over them (religious roles were often used as punishment)

Crusades

• “Holy Wars”

• Authorized by Pope

• Started from a request of aid from the Byz. Emperor

• Told people the real goal was to “take back the holy land from Islam”

• Crusaders received an indulgence for their vows

• Showed active engagement in other countries affairs

Papacy

All the bishops and popes

Indulgence

Immunity from lawsuits and moratorium on the repayment of debts

First Crusade| Jerusalem

1099

• Happened in Jerusalem to get Islamic control away from Holy Land

• Most famous crusade

• Christians in 1098 started to attack in waves many Mediterranean countries

• Pushed Muslims

Crusader States

• Started after First Crusade

• Four were carved out and last recaptured in 1291 by the Muslims

• Failed very quickly

Consequences of crusades

• Europe —> had very significant and long term consequences (people wanted what they had over in Islamic world; Muslim scholarship entered Europe

• Rift between EOC and RCC deepened

• Anti-semitism was expressed and acted on —> people said “God willed” the killings

• Today —> ideas of what happened during crusades shapes ideas

Legal system in west

Provided measure of independence to many institutions, especially universities; reflected ancient traditions of Rome.started in Rome

Universities

“Zones of intellectual autonomy”

• Scholars could research with some freedom from Church/ politics

• Famous institutions (Cambridge, Salamanca, Oxford, Bologna, Paris)

• Started because of a need for literacy in workforce

• Professors guild instructed started degrees

Scholasticism

Attempted to reconcile classical philosophy ESPECIALLY ARISTOTLE and reason with the Christian faith

Aristotle

Made a deep impression on scholasticism—> work dominated the thought of Western Europe; the man of scholasticism and universities

Peter Abelard

• French philosopher who founded nominalism and pioneered in ethics.

• Wrote “Yes and No”

“Yes and No”

• Talks about how we should question EVERYTHING

• Including the Bible, regardless of what Pope says

• THEY DID NOT LIKE HIM FOR SAYING DOUBT THE CHURCH

• This questioning style pioneered scholasticism

Thomas Aquinas

1225-1274

• Analyzed Aristotle’s ideas and made them work with Church dogma.

• Doctor and saint of church

• Wrote Summa Theologica

TA writing style

• Had questions followed by objections and then replies to objections

• Argument gives reason to claim

• 5 ways of St Thomas Aquinas

• USED TO PROVE EXISTENCE OF GOD

• Ex: Argument from motion

  1. Some things are in motion

  2. Whatever is the motion has been put into motion by another thing

  3. No infinite chain of movers/ movees

  4. So there is a first unmoved mover

  5. This everyone calls God.

Italian Renaissance

• Started in northern Italy

• Used past inspiration

• Had many great artists

• “Rebirth” of classical greco-Roman literature

Who constructed the pieta

Michelangelo (p)

Who painted Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist

Masaccio (s)

Who painted the trinity

Masaccio (T)

Who painted la primavera

Botticelli (p)

Who painted the birth of venus

Botticelli (v)

Who painted the last supper

Leonardo da Vinci (s)

Who painted the mona lisa

Leonardo da Vinci (m)

Who constructed this david

Donatello

Who painted the Sistine chapel

Michelangelo (S)

Who painted the school of athens

Rafael

Who constructed this David

Michelangelo (D)

Who painted the dome of the cathedral of Florence

Brunelleschi

Mesoamerica / andes

• The major civilizations of the Americas

• Had very little contact with one another

• Both witnessed the rise and decline of sophisticated states

• Had intensive agricultural technology

• Religions of similar deities

• Human sacrifices were done for the gods

• First major civilization here was the OLMEC (1200)

Maya

(250-900CE)

• Found in Yucatán region of Mexico

• Had an elaborate writing style and complex mathematical system

• Consisted of highly fragmented political system Of city states, lords, and regional kingdoms

Mexica/ Aztec Empire

1345-1528

• Last and largest of Mesoamerican states before Spanish conquest

• Was this size because of mexica people

Mexica people

Semi-nomadic group who established themselves on a small island in Lake Texcoco

Tenochtitlán

Capital of Mexica empire; core population ~ 5-6 million

MESO conquests

Bought more of area within a single political framework

Government

• Had around 5-6 mil people

• Loosely strutted and unstable conquest state

• Frequent rebellions

• Had local imperial tribute collectors

Slaves/ warfare

(Usually captured during war)

• Were destined typically for sacrifice which was crucial

Religion of Az

• Sun was central to all life

• Patron deity Huitzilopochtli

• This deity lost energy and needed to be replenished through blood

• Very proper for people to give their blood

Andes geography

• Long, winding mountain train that sought resources through colonization, conquest, or trade.

• This region also had deserts, rivers down the mountain, and a rich marine life.

• The rivers made it hospitable

Inca Empire

• Spoke quechua

• Built empire along almost the entire spine of Andes Mountain

• 10 million people

• Cared a lot about how their people lived

Bureaucratic / cultural integration

• Inca had an empero at the top who was divine

• Had 80 provinces w governors

• State owned all the land “lands of the sun” alongside properties owned by temples, elites, and traditional communities

Cultural integration required people to learn Quechua and acknowledge Inca deities

Labor service (mita)

• Had to stay on labor farms or herd

• Most special were women who trained in Incan ideology and married to important men or were sacrificed

• YOU HAD TO WORK OR GIVE GOODS AS TAXES

Gender parallelism

• Two separate but equal spheres

• This is not true

Civilization

• The use of this word is believed to signify superiority and implies solidarity

• Also claims that civilization brought inequality

• However, egalitarianism never truly existed

Quipus

Used to record population; were string with balls of yarn

What did Machiavelli say it was better to be

He said it was better to be both, but because that was hard, try to be feared

What did Erasmus say a ruler should be

He said a ruler should be kind, and those who weren’t should prepare to go to Hell.

Machiavelli

• Practical politician

• Took over for Medicis

• Was arrested for conspiracy to kill medicis

• Was exiled and turned to writing

Erasmus

• Catholic monk

• Spent his days writinG

• Urged reform in church

• Later did not help Martin Luther with his reformation

Why did Machiavelli say a ruler should be feared

He said that humans are bad and are self-seeking and the fear inside them will always stay while love will not.

Why did Erasmus say a ruler should be loved

He said that he needs to act on the best interests of his people so he can stay in good favor with them. Probably inspired by Catholic beliefs.

Differences between medieval art and Renaissance art

Medical did not get proportions right, very pagan

Renaissance added shadows and depth, anatomically correct, and Christian