Chapter 2 of MT

glands are

a group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

pathology is

the study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

anatomic reference systems are

terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions and cavities

aden/o means

gland

adep/o means

fat

anter/o means

before, front

caud/o means

lower part of body, tail

cephal/o means

head

cyt/o, -cyte means

cell

end-, endo- means

in, within, inside

exo- means

out of, outside, away from

hist/o means

tissue

-ologist means

specialist

-ology means

the science or study of

path/o, -pathy means

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia means

development, growth, formation

poster/o means

behind, toward the back

-stasis, -static means

control, maintenance of a constant level

abdominal cavity

the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion

adenectomy

the surgical removal of a gland

adenocarcinoma

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

adenoma

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

adenomalacia

abnormal softening of a gland

adenosclerosis

abnormal hardening of a gland

anaplasia

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

anatomy

the study of the structures of the body

anomaly

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

anterior

situated in front

aplasia

the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

bloodborne transmission

the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood

caudal

toward the lower part of the body

cephalic

toward the head

chromosome

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

communicable disease

any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

congenital disorder

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

cytoplasm

the material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

distal

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

dorsal

back of the body or organ

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs

endemic

referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group or area

endocrine glands

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

epidemic

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

epigastric region

the region located above the stomach

etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

exocrine glands

glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body

functional disorder

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

genetic disorder

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

geriatrician

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

histology

the microscopic study of the structure, composition and function of tissues

homeostasis

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

hyperplasia

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

hypertrophy

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues

hypogastric region

the region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach

hypoplasia

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

iatrogenic illness

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

idiopathic disorder

an illness without known cause

infectious disease

illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

inguinal

relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin

medial

the direction toward or near the midline

mesentery

the fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

midsagittal plane

the vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves

nosocomial infection

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

pandemic

a disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

pelvic cavity

the space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

peritoneum

the multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

physiology

the study of the functions of the body structures

posterior

situated in back or on the back part of an organ

proximal

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

stem cells

unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division

thoracic cavity

the cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity

transverse plane

the horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

umbilicus

the pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

vector-borne transmission

the spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting the disease. as used here, the term vector describes insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats and dogs

ventral

refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ

superior

uppermost, above, or toward the head

inferior

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

cranial cavity

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

spinal cavity

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

hypochondriac regions

are covered by the lower ribs

lumbar regions

are located near the inward curve of the spine

umbilical region

surrounds the umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-kus), which is commonly known as the belly button or navel. this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

iliac regions

located near the hip bones

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

cells

the basic structural and functional units of the body. specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

cytology

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

cytologist

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

somatic stem cells

also known as adult stem cells, these undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ.

undifferentiated

not having a specialized function or structure

differentiated

having a specialized function or structure

embryonic stem cells

undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; they have the important ability to form any adult cell

gene

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. genes control hereditary disorders and all physical traits such as hair, skin, and eye color

genetics

the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

dominant gene

if inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

recessive gene

if inherited by both parents, the offspring will have that condition

genome

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

somatic cell

any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells)