Ch. 20 Gram - Bacilli

What are a couple examples of where I would find these gram - bacilli bacteria

• aerobes

• facultative anaerobes

• Obligate anaerobes

Do any of these form endospores?

no bacteria in this chapter

Are they all true pathogens? Yes or no

some are true pathogens, and some are opportunist

Are Pseudomonas motile?

they are motile, they have a single polar flagellum

Can Pseudomonas be a problem in standard households?

Pseudomonas are frequent contaminants in homes and clinical settings

Are Pseudomonas coliforms?

NO pseudomonas are not coliforms

Where would I find Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pseudonomas aerginosa are a common inhabitant of soil and water, they are also an intestinal resident flora in 10% of normal people

What household product did I say could aid in causing a skin infection?

• Loofah sponge can aid in causing a skin infection

• You may sit these out in the sun to treat the bacteria or simply replace them throughout the year

Are Pseudomonas aeruginosa a problem with respiratory equipment in the hospitals?

Yes they are frequent contaminants of ventilators, IV solutions, and anesthesia equipment

Can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause nosocomial infections?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections in hosts with burns, pneumonia, and UTI

What kind of infections are seen in healthy individuals from Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Infections in healthy people from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is

• rash

• external ear infections from either hot tubs or swimming pools

• foliculitis

What odor is given off in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa gives off a grapelike odor

What pigment is produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa? What color is it? Some of you have used this repeatedly in a lab.

They produce a greenish/blue pigment, called pyocyanin

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa easy to treat with drugs?

NO, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is multidrug resistant

the species common to cattle, pigs, and the species that causes human brucellosis

• Brucella abortus

• Brucella suis

• Brucella melitinsis

How is Brucellosis transmitted?

• Animal to human

• Brucellosis is a zoonosis transmitted to humans from infected animals

What is the characteristic symptom of Brucella melitensis? What causes this?

Brucella melitensis SX:

• Initial symptoms:

  • fever

  • chills

  • sweating

  • HA

  • myalgia

  • weight loss

• Persisting symptoms:

  • fever undulant (comes and goes)

  • depression

  • swelling of: teste, scrotum, heart, liver, & spleen

What is one way of preventing zoonotic diseases?

cooking your food will prevent brucellosis and vaccinate animals

How is Brucellosis bacterium specifically transmitted to humans? Which is most common?

• Brucellosis is most commonly transmitted through eating undercooked meat or consuming unpasteurized/raw dairy products

• also by inhalation of bacteria

  • labs, slaughterhouse employees, meatpacking employees

• skin wounds

  • mucous membranes of digestive tract and conjuctiva

• Remember that it can localize in the mammary glands which aids in the importance of dairy product pasteurization.

What kind of infection would result from occupational hazards of handling infected animals?

zoonosis

Is Francisella tularensis another zoonotic disease?

Francisella tularensis is another zoonotic disease

What animals is of concern in the US for Tularemia?

rabbits, “rabbit fever”

How is Francisella tularensis acquired?

Francisella tularensis acquired by:

• tick or fly bite, skin contact with infected animals

• ingestion of contaminated water, lab, inhalation of dust or aerosols

Is transmission from Francisella tularensis ever from person to person?

NEVER FROM PERSON/PERSON

What symptoms results from infection from skin contact with infected animals?

• Headches, backache

• Fever 104 F and chills

• malaise, weakness, skin ulcer, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation

• Painful eyes or sore throat

Is Francisella tularensis a concern for the CDC as a potential bioterrorism agent?

YES, Francisella tularensis can be used as a potential bioterrorism agent via inhalation and contamination of water sources

What disease is caused by Bordatella pertussis?

• causes the disease Pertussis

• AKA “whooping cough”

What is an infection of bordatella pertussis?

Whooping cough

Who is the reservoir for Bordetella pertussis?

the reservoir is healthy carriers

How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted?

By direct contact or inhalation of aerosols given off during coughing stage of infection

What age group is most affected if Bordetella pertrussis is present?

Half of cases occur from birth to 4 yrs of age

How are severe cases prevent? What is the specific name?

What types of cells are the bacteria binding to destroying?

Ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

What does the pertussis toxin do?

• The infected cells produce more receptors for FHA

• it enters the cells and interferes with metabolism, thus increases in mucous production

What is occurring during the catarrhal phase and paroxysmal stages?

• Catarrhal phase: symptoms resemble a cold, bacteria are more abundant and the patient is more contagious.

• Paroxysmal phase: when you see the characteristics signs and symptoms

  • accumulation causes uncontrolled coughing fits occurs suddenly.

Which is more contagious?

the catarrhal phase is more contagious

Which shows more cold-like symptoms?

the catarrhal phase shows cold like SX

Which express your characteristic symptoms?

The Paroxysmal phase shows the characteristic symptoms

What vaccine is empathically given to prevent Bordetella pertussis disease?

vaccine is DTaP, which helps prevent it

Should parents get vaccinated even if they have never had whooping cough?

Older children and adults should get vaccinated

What 2 diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophilia?

Legionnaire disease and Pontiac fever

Where did Legionella pneumophilia get its name?

It got its name when 200 legion members attended a convention in Philly and an epidemic of pneumonia ocurred

What age group is more affected by Legionella pneumophilia?

Legionella pneumophilia is prevalent in males over 50

In what environment distributes Legionella pneumophilia? What are a couple examples?

It is widely distributed in water

• EX: AC cooling showers, evaporative coolers, spas, moist showers, supermarket veggies sprayers

What organism is Legionella pneumophilia associated with?

Legionella pneumophilia lives in close association with amoebas

How is Legionella pneumophilia transmitted?

Legionella pneumophilia is transmitted by Airborne Transmission

NOT PERSON TO PERSON

Which disease is more severe, Legionnaire disease or Pontiac fever?

• Legionnaire disease is more severe

• Same symptoms:

  • cough, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

• Fatality rate of 3-30%

What environments are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family found?

many members inhabit

• soil

• water

• decaying matter

• are common occupants of large bowel of animals including humans

What is Enterobacteriaceae’s role in causing nosocomial infections?

Enterics and Pseudomonas sp. account for more than 30% of nosocomial infections

What are the 2 divisions in Enterobacteriaceae?

they are divided into coliforms (lactose fermenters) and non-coliforms

What substance is being fermented in coliforms by Enterobacteriaceae? Remember they all ferment glucose.

All ferment:

• glucose

• reduce nitrates to nitrites

• oxidase negative

• catalase positive

What kind of media is used to screen samples for pathogens? – we even used this in lab!

enrichment, selective, and differential media are used for screening samples for pathogens

What are “enterics”?

organisms which occupy the digestive tract

what are the names correlating with locations of inflammation – 3

• inflammation of the:

  • Stomach → Gastritis

  • Small intestine → Enteritis

  • Large intestine → Colitis

What is a disease caused by enterics? What is the symptom of the disease?!

Gastroenteritis, and diarrhea is a symptom of it

Which are coliforms? Noncoliforms?

• E. coli = Coliforms

• Klebsiella = Coliforms

• Shigella = NON- coliforms

• Yersinia = NON- coliforms

• Salmonella = NON- coliforms

Know the letters associated with surface antigens – H, K, O and what part of the bacterium it represents. (ex. Flagellum)

• H - flagellar antigen

• K - capsule and/or fimbrial antigen

• O - somatic or cell wall antigen

Enterotoxins cause?

• Toxigenic disease causes watery diarrhea

  • Cholera and some types of E. coli and Shigella

• Invasive disease causes bloody diarrhea

  • Salmonella, shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter, Entamoeba histolytica.

Exoenzymes cause?

Which is more invasive, enterotoxins or exoenzymes?

How prevalant is E. coli?

it is the most common aerobic and non-fastidious bacterium in the gut

Where is E. coli located ?

located in the gut

Is E. coli fastidious?

E. coli is non-fastidious

What are 5 infections that are caused by E. coli?

• 5 infections caused by E. coli

  • gastroenteritis

  • septicemia

  • pneumonia

  • meningitis

  • endocarditis

How does E. coli contribute to the number of UTI cases?

50 - 80% of UTI cases are caused by E. coli

What are coliform counts an indicator of?

• coliform count is used as an indicator of fecal contamination in the water

Is E. coli a primary pathogen?

No, it is an opportunistic pathogen

How are pathogenic strains differentiated from one another?

various strains can be differentiated on the basis of antigens (H, K, O serotyping)

 

What does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause? IMPORTANT

• ETEC

• Causes severe diarrhea (watery)

• Heat labile: increase fluid secretion

• Heat stable: decrease fluid reabsorption

Enteroinvasive E. coli causes?

• EIEC

• causes inflammatory disease of the large intestine

• destroys epitheium

Enteropathogenic E. coli causes?

• EPEC

• linked to wasting form infantile diarrhea

• destroys microvilli of Small Intestine

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli causes? IMPORTANT

• EHEC

• Worse case

• has over 50 serotypes

• it is an O157:H7 strain

• causes hemolytic Uremic syndrome (HUS) and kidney damage

• destroys intestinal villi and causes dysentery

How are infantile and traveler’s diarrhea acquired? Why isn’t pepto-bismol used in infantile? What is it acting on?

• Infantile and traveler’s diarrhea is acquired through contaminated food or water

• Pepto-Bismol is not used because it counteracts enterotoxin

How are Urinary Tract Infections acquired?

UTI’s are acquired through your own normal flora or nosocomially

What contaminated material is ingested that results in bloody Diarrheal illness?

Bloody Diarrheal Illness is acquired through contaminated meat that is not properly cooked

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) can lead to what type of failure?

HUS can lead to kidney damage and failure

What is the cause of HUS pathogenicity?

pathogenicity is due to new toxins picked up from Shigella

What symptoms are caused by E. coli: Serotype O157:H7 infection?

• SX of Serotype O157:H7

  • bloody diarrhea, UTI, septicemia, HUS

How is E. coli: Serotype O157:H7 transmitted?

• MOT:

  • consumption of undercooked ground beef

  • unpasteurized milk

  • fruit juice that is contaminated with feces

What kind of toxin is produced by E. coli: Serotype O157:H7?

a Shiga-like toxin that hitches a ride on neutrophils via surface attachment

How do you prevent infections that lead to diarrhea?

Avoid contaminated water and raw veggies. Drink bottled water or boil water

Where is Klebsiella pneumonia found? What can it cause?

• it is a normal inhabitant of the intestines and respiratory tract

• can cause nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, and UTIs

What is the color and name (in lab manual) of the pigment produced by Serratia marcescen?

Pigment produced is called Serratia marcescens and it has a red color

Which species of Salmonella is the most serious species? What does it cause?

• Salmonella bongori

• Salmonella enterica

  • Typhimurium

  • enteritidis

  • typhi: most serious pathogen of the genus

    • causes typhoid fever

How is Salmonella typhi acquired? What kind of damage is caused to the small intestine?

• Salmonella typhi is acquired through contaminated water or food; close personal contact, carriers

• SX: fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain

  • ulcerations and hemorrhage with perforation of small intestines

Who was typhoid mary? What was her occupation? What is removed from carriers?

Typhoid Mary was a cook in households during the early 1900s

she was an asymptomatic carrier, she harbored Salmonella typhi for years in her gallbladder and shed in feces

What primary animals should precautions be taken when handling to prevent animal Salmonella Enteritidis? – think pets and the white meat : )

Animals to take precautions

• cattle

• poultry

• rodents

• reptiles

• animals (like hedgehogs)

• dairy products

What are a couple ways to prevent Salmonella?

• Ways to prevent Salmonella

  • cook chicken well, clean utensils, used, and wash hands

  • avoid foods w/ raw eggs

    • Homemade mayo, egg nog, cookie dough

  • DO NOT USE CRACKED EGGS

Does perforation occur in the intestine when having Shigella?

Perforation does not occur when having Shigella

What is produced in Shigella?

Shigella produces exotoxin instigating severe inflammation and ulceration of small intestine and colon

What is the name of the toxin produced in Shigella?

Shiga toxin

Is Shigella similar to what is seen in E. coli 0157:H7?

Shigella is similar to E. coli 0157:H7 because that produces Shiga-like toxins

Shigella dysenteriae causes?

Shigella dysenteriae causes a bacterial dysentery or shigellosis

What symptoms occur with Shigella dysenteriae?

• SX of Shigella dysenteriae

  • Large intestine invaded

  • inflammation of lining

  • degeneration of villi

  • bleeding and heavy mucus

  • fever abdominal cramps

  • pain

 

Yersinia enterocolitica causes?

Yersinia enterocolitica causes enterocolitis

Yersinia enterocolitica infection can mimic what?

it can mimic appendicitis

What are the 2 clinical manifestations in Yersinia pestis?

• Bubonic plague: MOT Vector to Human

• Pneumonic plague: MOT human to human

What animal population is plague found in?

Animal population are mammals, rodents without causing disease and flea vectors

What insect vectors the disease for Yersinia pestis?

flea vectors

Know the different symptoms and acquisition of the manifestations in Yersinia pestis.

• Acquired: by flea bite and enters the lymph

• SX: causes necrosis and swelling called a bubo in groin or axilla