Ch. 20 Gram - Bacilli

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108 Terms

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What are a couple examples of where I would find these gram - bacilli bacteria

  • aerobes

  • facultative anaerobes

  • Obligate anaerobes

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Do any of these form endospores?

no bacteria in this chapter

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Are they all true pathogens? Yes or no

some are true pathogens, and some are opportunist

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<p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif">Are Pseudomonas </span>motile?</p>

Are Pseudomonas motile?

they are motile, they have a single polar flagellum

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Can Pseudomonas be a problem in standard households?

Pseudomonas are frequent contaminants in homes and clinical settings

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Are Pseudomonas coliforms?

NO pseudomonas are not coliforms

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Where would I find Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pseudonomas aerginosa are a common inhabitant of soil and water, they are also an intestinal resident flora in 10% of normal people

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What household product did I say could aid in causing a skin infection?

  • Loofah sponge can aid in causing a skin infection

  • You may sit these out in the sun to treat the bacteria or simply replace them throughout the year

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Are Pseudomonas aeruginosa a problem with respiratory equipment in the hospitals?

Yes they are frequent contaminants of ventilators, IV solutions, and anesthesia equipment

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Can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause nosocomial infections?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections in hosts with burns, pneumonia, and UTI

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What kind of infections are seen in healthy individuals from Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Infections in healthy people from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is

  • rash

  • external ear infections from either hot tubs or swimming pools

  • foliculitis

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What odor is given off in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa gives off a grapelike odor

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What pigment is produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa? What color is it? Some of you have used this repeatedly in a lab.

They produce a greenish/blue pigment, called pyocyanin

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Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa easy to treat with drugs?

NO, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is multidrug resistant

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the species common to cattle, pigs, and the species that causes human brucellosis

  • Brucella abortus

  • Brucella suis

  • Brucella melitinsis

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How is Brucellosis transmitted?

  • Animal to human

  • Brucellosis is a zoonosis transmitted to humans from infected animals

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What is the characteristic symptom of Brucella melitensis? What causes this?

Brucella melitensis SX:

  • Initial symptoms:

    • fever

    • chills

    • sweating

    • HA

    • myalgia

    • weight loss

  • Persisting symptoms:

    • fever undulant (comes and goes)

    • depression

    • swelling of: teste, scrotum, heart, liver, & spleen

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What is one way of preventing zoonotic diseases?

cooking your food will prevent brucellosis and vaccinate animals

19
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How is Brucellosis bacterium specifically transmitted to humans? Which is most common?

  • Brucellosis is most commonly transmitted through eating undercooked meat or consuming unpasteurized/raw dairy products

  • also by inhalation of bacteria

    • labs, slaughterhouse employees, meatpacking employees

  • skin wounds

    • mucous membranes of digestive tract and conjuctiva

  • Remember that it can localize in the mammary glands which aids in the importance of dairy product pasteurization.

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What kind of infection would result from occupational hazards of handling infected animals?

zoonosis

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Is Francisella tularensis another zoonotic disease?

Francisella tularensis is another zoonotic disease

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What animals is of concern in the US for Tularemia?

rabbits, “rabbit fever”

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How is Francisella tularensis acquired?

Francisella tularensis acquired by:

  • tick or fly bite, skin contact with infected animals

  • ingestion of contaminated water, lab, inhalation of dust or aerosols

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Is transmission from Francisella tularensis ever from person to person?

NEVER FROM PERSON/PERSON

25
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What symptoms results from infection from skin contact with infected animals?

  • Headches, backache

  • Fever 104 F and chills

  • malaise, weakness, skin ulcer, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation

  • Painful eyes or sore throat

26
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Is Francisella tularensis a concern for the CDC as a potential bioterrorism agent?

YES, Francisella tularensis can be used as a potential bioterrorism agent via inhalation and contamination of water sources

27
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What disease is caused by Bordatella pertussis?

  • causes the disease Pertussis

  • AKA “whooping cough”

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What is an infection of bordatella pertussis?

Whooping cough

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Who is the reservoir for Bordetella pertussis?

the reservoir is healthy carriers

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How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted?

By direct contact or inhalation of aerosols given off during coughing stage of infection

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What age group is most affected if Bordetella pertrussis is present?

Half of cases occur from birth to 4 yrs of age

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How are severe cases prevent? What is the specific name?

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What types of cells are the bacteria binding to destroying?

Ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

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What does the pertussis toxin do?

  • The infected cells produce more receptors for FHA

  • it enters the cells and interferes with metabolism, thus increases in mucous production

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<p>What is occurring during the <strong>catarrhal </strong>phase and <strong>paroxysmal </strong>stages?</p>

What is occurring during the catarrhal phase and paroxysmal stages?

  • Catarrhal phase: symptoms resemble a cold, bacteria are more abundant and the patient is more contagious.

  • Paroxysmal phase: when you see the characteristics signs and symptoms

    • accumulation causes uncontrolled coughing fits occurs suddenly.

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Which is more contagious?

the catarrhal phase is more contagious

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Which shows more cold-like symptoms?

the catarrhal phase shows cold like SX

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Which express your characteristic symptoms?

The Paroxysmal phase shows the characteristic symptoms

39
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What vaccine is empathically given to prevent Bordetella pertussis disease?

vaccine is DTaP, which helps prevent it

40
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Should parents get vaccinated even if they have never had whooping cough?

Older children and adults should get vaccinated

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What 2 diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophilia?

Legionnaire disease and Pontiac fever

42
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Where did Legionella pneumophilia get its name?

It got its name when 200 legion members attended a convention in Philly and an epidemic of pneumonia ocurred

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What age group is more affected by Legionella pneumophilia?

Legionella pneumophilia is prevalent in males over 50

44
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In what environment distributes Legionella pneumophilia? What are a couple examples?

It is widely distributed in water

  • EX: AC cooling showers, evaporative coolers, spas, moist showers, supermarket veggies sprayers

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What organism is Legionella pneumophilia associated with?

Legionella pneumophilia lives in close association with amoebas

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How is Legionella pneumophilia transmitted?

Legionella pneumophilia is transmitted by Airborne Transmission

NOT PERSON TO PERSON

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Which disease is more severe, Legionnaire disease or Pontiac fever?

  • Legionnaire disease is more severe

  • Same symptoms:

    • cough, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

  • Fatality rate of 3-30%

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What environments are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family found?

many members inhabit

  • soil

  • water

  • decaying matter

  • are common occupants of large bowel of animals including humans

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What is Enterobacteriaceae’s role in causing nosocomial infections?

Enterics and Pseudomonas sp. account for more than 30% of nosocomial infections

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What are the 2 divisions in Enterobacteriaceae?

they are divided into coliforms (lactose fermenters) and non-coliforms

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What substance is being fermented in coliforms by Enterobacteriaceae? Remember they all ferment glucose.

All ferment:

  • glucose

  • reduce nitrates to nitrites

  • oxidase negative

  • catalase positive

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What kind of media is used to screen samples for pathogens? – we even used this in lab!

enrichment, selective, and differential media are used for screening samples for pathogens

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What are “enterics”?

organisms which occupy the digestive tract

54
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what are the names correlating with locations of inflammation – 3

  • inflammation of the:

    • Stomach → Gastritis

    • Small intestine → Enteritis

    • Large intestine → Colitis

55
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What is a disease caused by enterics? What is the symptom of the disease?!

Gastroenteritis, and diarrhea is a symptom of it

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Which are coliforms? Noncoliforms?

  • E. coli = Coliforms

  • Klebsiella = Coliforms

  • Shigella = NON- coliforms

  • Yersinia = NON- coliforms

  • Salmonella = NON- coliforms

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Know the letters associated with surface antigens H, K, O and what part of the bacterium it represents. (ex. Flagellum)

  • H - flagellar antigen

  • K - capsule and/or fimbrial antigen

  • O - somatic or cell wall antigen

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Enterotoxins cause?

  • Toxigenic disease causes watery diarrhea

    • Cholera and some types of E. coli and Shigella

  • Invasive disease causes bloody diarrhea

    • Salmonella, shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter, Entamoeba histolytica.

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Exoenzymes cause?

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Which is more invasive, enterotoxins or exoenzymes?

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How prevalant is E. coli?

it is the most common aerobic and non-fastidious bacterium in the gut

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Where is E. coli located ?

located in the gut

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Is E. coli fastidious?

E. coli is non-fastidious

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What are 5 infections that are caused by E. coli?

  • 5 infections caused by E. coli

    • gastroenteritis

    • septicemia

    • pneumonia

    • meningitis

    • endocarditis

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How does E. coli contribute to the number of UTI cases?

50 - 80% of UTI cases are caused by E. coli

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What are coliform counts an indicator of?

  • coliform count is used as an indicator of fecal contamination in the water

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Is E. coli a primary pathogen?

No, it is an opportunistic pathogen

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How are pathogenic strains differentiated from one another?

various strains can be differentiated on the basis of antigens (H, K, O serotyping)

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What does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause? IMPORTANT

  • ETEC

  • Causes severe diarrhea (watery)

  • Heat labile: increase fluid secretion

  • Heat stable: decrease fluid reabsorption

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Enteroinvasive E. coli causes?

  • EIEC

  • causes inflammatory disease of the large intestine

  • destroys epitheium

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Enteropathogenic E. coli causes?

  • EPEC

  • linked to wasting form infantile diarrhea

  • destroys microvilli of Small Intestine

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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli causes? IMPORTANT

  • EHEC

  • Worse case

  • has over 50 serotypes

  • it is an O157:H7 strain

  • causes hemolytic Uremic syndrome (HUS) and kidney damage

  • destroys intestinal villi and causes dysentery

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How are infantile and traveler’s diarrhea acquired? Why isn’t pepto-bismol used in infantile? What is it acting on?

  • Infantile and traveler’s diarrhea is acquired through contaminated food or water

  • Pepto-Bismol is not used because it counteracts enterotoxin

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How are Urinary Tract Infections acquired?

UTI’s are acquired through your own normal flora or nosocomially

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What contaminated material is ingested that results in bloody Diarrheal illness?

Bloody Diarrheal Illness is acquired through contaminated meat that is not properly cooked

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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) can lead to what type of failure?

HUS can lead to kidney damage and failure

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What is the cause of HUS pathogenicity?

pathogenicity is due to new toxins picked up from Shigella

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What symptoms are caused by E. coli: Serotype O157:H7 infection?

  • SX of Serotype O157:H7

    • bloody diarrhea, UTI, septicemia, HUS

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How is E. coli: Serotype O157:H7 transmitted?

  • MOT:

    • consumption of undercooked ground beef

    • unpasteurized milk

    • fruit juice that is contaminated with feces

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What kind of toxin is produced by E. coli: Serotype O157:H7?

a Shiga-like toxin that hitches a ride on neutrophils via surface attachment

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How do you prevent infections that lead to diarrhea?

Avoid contaminated water and raw veggies. Drink bottled water or boil water

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Where is Klebsiella pneumonia found? What can it cause?

  • it is a normal inhabitant of the intestines and respiratory tract

  • can cause nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, and UTIs

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What is the color and name (in lab manual) of the pigment produced by Serratia marcescen?

Pigment produced is called Serratia marcescens and it has a red color

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Which species of Salmonella is the most serious species? What does it cause?

  • Salmonella bongori

  • Salmonella enterica

    • Typhimurium

    • enteritidis

    • typhi: most serious pathogen of the genus

      • causes typhoid fever

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How is Salmonella typhi acquired? What kind of damage is caused to the small intestine?

  • Salmonella typhi is acquired through contaminated water or food; close personal contact, carriers

  • SX: fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain

    • ulcerations and hemorrhage with perforation of small intestines

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Who was typhoid mary? What was her occupation? What is removed from carriers?

Typhoid Mary was a cook in households during the early 1900s

she was an asymptomatic carrier, she harbored Salmonella typhi for years in her gallbladder and shed in feces

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What primary animals should precautions be taken when handling to prevent animal Salmonella Enteritidis? – think pets and the white meat : )

Animals to take precautions

  • cattle

  • poultry

  • rodents

  • reptiles

  • animals (like hedgehogs)

  • dairy products

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What are a couple ways to prevent Salmonella?

  • Ways to prevent Salmonella

    • cook chicken well, clean utensils, used, and wash hands

    • avoid foods w/ raw eggs

      • Homemade mayo, egg nog, cookie dough

    • DO NOT USE CRACKED EGGS

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Does perforation occur in the intestine when having Shigella?

Perforation does not occur when having Shigella

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What is produced in Shigella?

Shigella produces exotoxin instigating severe inflammation and ulceration of small intestine and colon

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What is the name of the toxin produced in Shigella?

Shiga toxin

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Is Shigella similar to what is seen in E. coli 0157:H7?

Shigella is similar to E. coli 0157:H7 because that produces Shiga-like toxins

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Shigella dysenteriae causes?

Shigella dysenteriae causes a bacterial dysentery or shigellosis

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What symptoms occur with Shigella dysenteriae?

  • SX of Shigella dysenteriae

    • Large intestine invaded

    • inflammation of lining

    • degeneration of villi

    • bleeding and heavy mucus

    • fever abdominal cramps

    • pain

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Yersinia enterocolitica causes?

Yersinia enterocolitica causes enterocolitis

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Yersinia enterocolitica infection can mimic what?

it can mimic appendicitis

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What are the 2 clinical manifestations in Yersinia pestis?

  • Bubonic plague: MOT Vector to Human

  • Pneumonic plague: MOT human to human

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What animal population is plague found in?

Animal population are mammals, rodents without causing disease and flea vectors

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What insect vectors the disease for Yersinia pestis?

flea vectors

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Know the different symptoms and acquisition of the manifestations in Yersinia pestis.

  • Acquired: by flea bite and enters the lymph

  • SX: causes necrosis and swelling called a bubo in groin or axilla