Marine Biology Hybrid Midterm Practice

Questions from Quizzes/midterm practice

Plate Tectonics

Related to the concept of Pangea, explains continental drift, mid-ocean ridges, locations of earthquakes and volcanoes, and molten mantle.

The biggest and deepest of the oceans is the

Pacfic

What fraction of planet Earth is covered by Ocean?

about 3/4

The deep trenches in the ocean, like the Mariana Trench, are created

subduction zones where an oceanic plate is moving under another plate.

Subduction Zones and Mid-ocean ridges are associated with

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

When a hypothesis becomes a theory

it has been extensively tested and all reasonable alternative

What are steps in the Scientific Method?

Observation, Hypothesis, Design Experiment, Testing Hypothesis, Accept or reject hypothesis

Which 2 types of thinking are used by scientists?

Induction and Deduction

The reason that water molecules stick together is because

Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent H2O molecules

When the temperature drops, but is still well above 0 C,

Its density increases

Sweating cools you down because

when water evaporates the fastest moving molecules turn into vapor and that absorbs heat

There are many different solutes in sea water but NaCl is the most common and gives it that salty taste. Is this statement true or false?

True

The salinity of water is measured by which one: frequently because it affects density and other factors, practical salinity units, parts per thousand, or CTD meters?

All are used to measure salinity

The relationship of light to water depth is that

different wavelengths penetrate different distances and that distance can be affected by dissolved material

The amount of carbon dioxide or CO2 in water

affects the pH and can cause calcium carbonate shells to dissolve

Deep Sea creatures typically

are red or black because that makes them harder to see

Pressure in the ocean

increases at a constant amount as you dive deeper

Which of these affects the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in seawater; the amount of photosynthesis occurring, amount of respiration occurring, amount of wind and turbulence at the waters surface or the temperature?

All of these affect the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in seawater

The relative solubility of O2 and CO2 in seawater is that

CO2 solubility is high and O2 is low

The Coriolis effect describes

how wind and current patterns are deflected by the earths rotation

Which is higher

A Tsunami

Large scale wind and ocean current patterns

tend to go in circle, forming gyres

Which characteristic makes Kelp distinct among the seaweeds?

if is attached to the substrate but grows up from there and reaches amazing lengths

What is a primary way of categorizing the different seaweeds?

the types of photosynthetic pigments use

Is this structural analogy, thallus = flower, between seaweeds and plants correct or not?

Not correct

What type of Macroalgae is thought to be the ancestor of the flowering plants?

Green Algae ( Phylum Chlorophyta)

Which stage of macroalgae life cycle is produced by meiosis?

Gametophyte

Which group of marine plants that we are covering are the only ones that are truly marine plants?

Seagrasses

Halophytes are

salt-tolerant plants that can grow near seawater but not covered by it

Which statement best describes how commonly plants grow in marine environments?

Few species of plants can survive in marine environments

Which is an adaptation that salt-marsh grass species like Cordgrass have for survival in the salt-marsh habitat?

salt excreting glands in their leaves

Mangroves and salt-marsh plants are ecologically significant to humans because of which of these? they protect shorelines against erosion, provide nursery areas for many species of animals, reduce storm surge and storm damage, are a source of detritus that many animals feed upon, or ALL of the above

All of the above

Biologists traditionally divide animals up into vertebrates and invertebrates, there are many, many, many more invertebrates than there are vertebrates. Is this statement true or false?

True

The members of Phylum Porifera are either: almost all marine rather than freshwater organisms, animals that lack organs and true tissues, sessile organisms that attach to the substrate, asymmetrical and their body is perforated by pores called ostia or All of the above

All of the above

Choanocytes are 

flagellated cells that are a primary characteristic of sponges

Sponges acquire the necessary nutrients for living by

filter feeding on plankton and organic material in the water

Sponges are known for

being highly capable of asexual reproduction

The symmetry pattern or body plan for animals in the Phylum Cnidaria could be described as 

radial symmetry

The two body forms found in the animals in Phylum Cnidaria are

polyp and medusa

What subgroup of Cnidarians is correctly matched with critters that belong in that group?

Anthozoans: Hard and Soft Corals, Anemones, Gorgonians

Phylum Platyhelminthes refers to 

flatworms

What group of all worms show segmentation?

Phylum Annelida

The body morphology or symmetry pattern of worms could be described as

having bilateral symmetry

What group of worms are most numerous and ubiquitous (= found everywhere)?

Phylum Nematoda - Round worms

Which of the 3 major groups of Annelids is found almost entirely in marine environments?

Polychaetes

What part of the mollusks' body secretes their shell?

the mantle

What does not belong to the Phylum Mollusca?

Leeches

What is the primary use of the Molluscan body structure known as the foot?

locomotion

What is the feeding style of Cephalopods

predators

Which invertebrate group has the most complex brain and behaviors?

Cephalopods

Which Phylum contains the vast majority of invertebrate species?

Arthropoda

Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of Arthropods? an exoskeleton, antennae, a segmented body, jointed appendages, or a radula

a radula

Which group contains most of the marine Arthropod species?

Crustaceans

Planktonic larvae and benthic adults with very different appearance. Does this statement describe the typical life cycle of crustaceans?

Yes

For what functions do Crustaceans use their jointed appendages?

for almost every function there is

What is NOT a primary characteristic of Phylum Echinodermata?

Bilateral Symmetry

What is NOT a characteristic of Lophophorates?

planktonic adults

For what primary purpose is the Echinoderms water vascular system used?

locomotion

What is NOT a type of Echinoderm?

Bryozoans

Having pharyngeal gills slits (openings along the anterior part of the gut) and a dorsal hollow nerve cord is characteristic of which phylum?

Hemichordata

What is NOT an abiotic factor that helps determine which organisms can survive in a specific habitat?

predators

What is the difference between a physiological adaptation and an evolutionary adaptation?

an evolutionary adaptation is passed on to an organism's descendants but a physiological one may not be

When the size of a population of organisms increases faster with every generation, it is undergoing

exponential growth

During logistic population growth, what is the largest population size that can be sustained by the available resources?

the carrying capacity

Which type of population growth model would be occurring during a harmful algal bloom (HAB)?

exponential growth (growth model)

What is the name of an interaction between two species that benefits one of them but has no effect on the other?

commensalism

What is it called when two species use the same resource and one of the species outcompetes the other and eliminates it from that area?

competitive exclusion

What is the name for the role of a a species in relation to the resources and its feeding habits, habitat use and all aspects of its lifestyle?

its niche

Resource partitioning occurs when two species are capable of using the same resource

but they use it in different ways or places or times and they can coexist

What is a mutualistic symbiotic interaction between two species?

a small shrimp that removes parasites from the gill of a fish and feeds on them

The benthic community of organisms is found 

upon or in the sediment at the bottom of the water column

What is the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph?

an autotroph gets energy from the abiotic environment but heterotrophs get their energy from other organisms or their waste

Primary consumers are defined as organisms that

feed on primary producers

In a trophic pyramid

the biggest layers at the bottom are made up of primary producers

The Nitrogen cycle includes organisms known as Nitrogen fixers or N-fixers that are able to

convert N2 gas into other forms like nitrates and nitrites that other organisms can use

If you encounter an animal in the open ocean, how can you distinguish whether it should be considered nekton or plankton?

if it can swim against the current, it is nekton

What term describing marine environments/habitats means the same thing as intertidal?

littoral

Phytoplankton are

primary producers

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates fit into which category of plankton?

Phytoplankton

The epipelagic zone of the oceans

is roughly equivalent to the areas where light reaches or the photic zone

The two most important of the net-sized phytoplankton are

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

Given an excess of nutrients and warmer temperatures, phytoplankton

can create explosive population growth called a bloom

When phytoplankton do primary production, it means that

they perform photosynthesis and use CO2 to produce organic molecules

Diatoms are

Phytoplankton that have a 2-part silicone test or shell

Cyanobacteria are ecologically very important because either they are responsible for a large portion of the oceans primary productivity, they can fix N so that it is available to food chains, they can fix C by doing photosynthesis, or All of the above are true.

All of the above are true

Where do Zooplankton get their necessary nutrients?

by feeding on phytoplankton and/or other zooplankton

Which is NOT a protozoan zooplankton group?

copepods

Copepods are known for 

being numerous - some think they are the most numerous kind of animal in the world

The difference between meroplankton and holoplankton is

meroplankton on spend part of their like as plankton but holoplankton spend their whole life as plankton

Krill are

very large for plankton

What type of zooplankton are typically largest?

Jellyfish, Siphonophores, Salps and Comb jellies

Zooplankton that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are known as

meroplankton

Nematocytes are

the stinging cells found in Cnidarians

The planktonic larvae of fish and invertebrates typically either, feed on other plankton, disperse as they float in the currents, change what they feed on as they develop, can have multiple stages with different names as they grow, or ALL of the above are true

All of the above are true

Larger plankton tend to

tend to filter feed on small prey

Epipelagic organisms are strongly selected for

being buoyant

The main benefit to plankton of having a gas-filled float is

it keeps them near the surface with minimal effort

Epipelagic raptorial predators would include

Squid

Cephalopods (squid, octopus, cuttlefish) have

much better designed eyes than vertebrates

The difference between nekton and plankton is

nekton can swim if whatever direction they chose but plankton move in whatever direction the current takes them