AP Psychology - Unit 6

Developmental psychology AP TEST 7%-9%

Longitudal

study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

Cross-Sectional

type of study in which people of different ages ars examined at the same time(s)

Cross-Sequential

individuals tested more than once over a specified period of time

Erik Erikson psychosocial states of development

trust vs mistrust, autonony (independence) vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, (am I good or bad?), industry (sense of pride and accomplishment) vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion (who am I?), intimacy vs isolation (will I be loved or will I be alone?), generactivity (contribute to the next generation) vs stagnation (little connection to others)

Ego Integrity

(sense of satisfaction while reflecting on life) vs despair (sense of failure)

Teratogen

any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy

Maturation

genetic growth tendencies are inborn, determined by genetic makeup - sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it

Harry Harlow

psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort

Secure Attachment

infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on the return to the caregiver

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

infants explore, pow stranger anxiety, unconcerned by seperation and avoid contact at return of caregiver

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by seperation and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver

Authoritarian

restrictive parenting style, this allows for little discussion or explaination of the firm controls placed oj the child

Permissive Parenting

style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

Authoritative Parenting

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Assimilation

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Sensorimotor Stage

birth to 2, infants use senses an motor abilities to learn around the world

Object Permanence

a child's ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight

Preoperational Stage

the stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language

Babbling Stage

beginning at 4 months, vocalizes various sounds “ba-ba-ba”

One-Word Stage

ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words “Car”

Egocentrism

inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own

Conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Concrete Operational Stage

(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal Operational Stage

(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children

Scaffolding

process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Gender Identity

the individual's sense (psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations

Gender Roles

set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

Synaptic Pruning

selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)

Adolescent Egocentrism

heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability