Lab 4

Introduction to Bone and Cartilage, Appendicular Skeleton, and Joints

Intramembranous ossification

bone develops directly on a “mat” of collagen fibers (e.g. most of the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, part of the clavicle)

Endochondral ossification

bone that begins as a hyaline cartilage framework (most bones form this way)

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

Pronation/supination

Rotation

Circumduction

Osteocyte

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone

Compact (cortical) bone

dense outer layer of bones; strong and rigid

Spongy/trabecular bone

inner tissue of bone, surrounded by marrow, more air pockets; better at shock absorption

Central (Haversian) canal

runs through core of each osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, and nerves

Lacunae

a cavity in the bone containing osteocytes

Lamellae/lamellar bone

concentric tubes that make up osteons

Hyaline Cartilage

most common type of cartilage; has tiny, nearly invisible collagen fibers called fibrils; found in ends of long bones, costal cartilages, respiratory structures, and the fetal skeleton

Chondrocytes

the cells of cartilage (found in lacunae)

Perichondrium

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

Epiphysis

ends of long bones

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone

Periosteum

sheath on the outside of a long bone

Endosteum

lines the internal medullary cavity of the long bone

Medullary cavity

cavity of the long bone where bone marrow resides

Epiphyseal plate/ line

the “growth” plate; a thin layer of hyaline cartilage found in the epiphysis that ossifies when the bone is done growing

Clavicle

collarbone; spans the superior thorax, S-shaped

attachments: manubrium of sternum, acromion process of scapula

function: provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms

Scapula

shoulder-blade; located on the posterior surface of the rib cage

Scapular Spine

located on the posterior side of the scapula; separates the supraspinous from the infraspinous fossa

Acromion

part of the scapula articulating with the acromial end of the clavicle; located posteriorly

Glenoid cavity

part of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Coracoid process

part of the scapula acting as an attachment point of the biceps muscle; located anteriorly

Supraspinous fossa

located on the posterior aspect, above the scapular spine; provides attachment sites for muscles

Infraspinous fossa

located on the posterior aspect, below the scapular spine; provides attachment sites for muscles

Subscapular fossa

located on the anterior aspect; provides attachment sites for muscles

Humerus

longest bone of the upper limb, main bone of the upper arm

Humeral Head

the highest part of the humerus, supported by the neck; articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity

Greater & lesser tubercles

parts of the humerus; sites of muscle attachment

Anatomical neck of humerus

divides the head of the humerus from the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Surgical neck of humerus

bony constriction at the proximal end of the shaft of humerus, where it is frequently fractured

Capitulum

distal part of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius

Trochlea

distal part of the humerus articulating with trochlear notch of ulna; creates the hinge joint of the elbow

Olecranon fossa

distal part of the humerus articulating with the olecranon process of the ulna

Lateral & medial epicondyles

distal parts of the humerus acting as attachment sites for forearm muscles

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

Olecranon process

a projection of the ulna that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm extends

Coronoid process

a projection of the ulna that fits into coronoid fossa when forearm bends

Trochlear notch

the space of the ulna accommodating the trochlea of the humerus; fits over trochlea to create a hinge (allows elbow to bend)

Radial notch

the space of the ulna accommodating the radial head; forms a pivot joint (allows elbow to twist)

Ulnar Head

located at the lateral, distal end of the ulna; articulates the the ulnar notch of the radius

Styloid processes

attachment points for the ligaments that anchor the wrist

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Radial Head

located at the proximal, medial end of the radius; articulates the the radial notch of the ulna

Radial Tuberosity

a large bony projection on the medial surface of proximal part of the radius, just distal to the neck

Interosseus membrane (between radius & ulna)

keeps the radius and ulna a fixed distance; allows for rotation

Carpals (8 bones in 2 rows)

Located at the proximal end of the hand; wrist is very flexible because of the gliding motions at the articulations

“Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb”

Scaphoid

the most frequently fractured carpal, especially in FOOSH

Metacarpals (1-5)

each digit has one; numbered I-IV, thumb to pinky finger

Proximal Phalanges

the most proximal of the three phalanges in digits II-V

Middle Phalanges

the middle-most of the three phalanges in digits II-V

Distal Phalanges

the most distal of the three phalanges in digits II-V

Pollex

thumb, digit 1; has only 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)

Os coxa

hip bone; a complex-shaped bony structure formed after the fusion (synostosis) of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Ilium

the main, most superior component of the os coxa

Ischium

the posterioinferior component of the os coxa

Ischial tuberosity

“sit bones”

Pubis

the smallest, anterioinferior component of the os coxa

Pubic symphysis

the cartilaginous anterior articulation site of the left and right pubis bones

Pelvis (= 2 os coxae + sacrum + coccyx)

Includes both appendicular and axial bones (the sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton)

Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk (body weight passes through pelvis to the lower limbs) and supports viscera.

Strong attachment to axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint (very stable). Less freedom of movement compared to pectoral girdle.

Pelvic inlet

space between pelvic and abdominal cavities (true and false pelves)

Pelvic outlet

inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities; the size of this outlet is important for a successful birth

Acetabulum

the lateral socket where the head of the femur articulates; composed of all three of the pelvic bones

Obturator foramen

a large opening in the pelvic or hip bone, lies just below the acetabulum

Greater sciatic notch

allows passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb

Femur

thigh bone; largest and strongest bone in the body

Femoral Head

the highest part of the femur, supported by the neck; articulates with the acetabulum

Fovea capitis

a small, concave depression within the head of the femur that serves as an attachment point for the ligamentum teres

Femoral Neck

weakest part of the femur; angles laterally to join the shaft, carries the head

Greater & lesser trochanters

sites of muscle attachment on the femur

Linea aspera

the ridge along the posterior diaphysis of the femur; used for muscle attachment

Femoral Condyles

Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia; lateral and medial epicondyles are the more raised parts of these condyles

Patellar surface

anteriorly separates the condyles; site of articulation between the femur and patella

Patella

a sesamoid bone (formed within connective tissue) enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscles; protects knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles

Tibia

the medial, larger, more sturdy bone of the lower leg

Tibial Plateau

shinbone; the triangular diaphysis of the tibia (sharp anterior border)

Tibial Condyles

articulation points of the tibia and femoral condyles

Medial malleolus

the largest of the three bone segments that project to form the ankle bone

Fibula

the thin, lateral, non-weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

Fibular Head

the highest part of the fibula, supported by the neck; articulates with the tibia

Lateral malleolus

the outermost lower part of the fibula, forming the ankle bone

Interosseous membrane (between tibia and fibula)

keeps the tibia and fibula a fixed distance

Tarsals (7 Bones)

Located at the proximal end of the foot

“Tiger Cubs Need M I L C”

Talus

the bone at the top of the foot that articulates with the tibia + fibula superiorly and the calcaneus inferiorly; carries the majority of the body’ weight

Calcaneus

heel bone; carries the majority of the body’ weight

Metatarsals (1-5)

each digit has one; numbered I-IV, big toe to pinky toe

Hallux

big toe, digit 1; has only 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)

Articular (fibrous) capsule

envelope surrounding a synovial joint

2 parts: outer fibrous layer continuous with periosteum; inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheaths: makes direct contact with the fibrous membrane on the outside surface and with the synovial fluid lubricant on the inside surface

Synovial fluid

liquid in joint cavity and cartilages: provides lubrication for joints

Articular cartilage (in terms of synovial joints)

absorbs forces on the joint, protects bone

Knee joint

largest and most complex joint; usually acts as a hinge, but can rotate slightly

Anterior cruciate ligament

one of 2 cruciate ligaments that aids in stabilizing the knee joint

Posterior cruciate ligament

one of 2 cruciate ligaments that aids in stabilizing the knee joint

Medial collateral ligament

connects tibia and femur