Chapter 1 Human Physiology

Cardiac

________ and smooth mucles are both involuntary (can not be consciously altered)

ICF

________ and ECF both have more cations than anions.

Cellular extentions

________ from many neurons can be packaged together with connective tissue to form a nerve, which carries the signals from many neurons between the nervous system and other parts of the body.

ECF

________ is about 1 /3 of body water.

Equilibrium

________ implies that the values are the same.

Organs

________ are comprised of all cell and tissue types.

Hormones

________ are associated with homeostatic reflexes.

Neurotransmitters

________ are associated with homeostatic reflexes.

Paracrine agents

________ are associated with local homeostatic responses.

Plasma volume

________ is 3 to 3.5 litres, about 8lbs of body weight.

body temperature

Sweating reduces ________, but decreases fluid volume.

Epithelial cells

________ are named by their shape.

Homeostic control systems

________ regulate variables via reflexes and /or local responses, both of which require cell communication.

Autocrine agents

________ are associated with local homeostatic responses.

electrical signals

A neuron is a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct ________ to other cells.

Smooth muscle cells

________ make up part of the walls of many tubes in the body (blood vessels, tubes of the stomach, the esophagus)

Homeostasis

________ is integration (multiple stimuli, multiple effectors)

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body parts

Pathophysiology

The study of disease states (physiological disfunction)

Distinguish between anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology and describe how they are related

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the parts of the body, Physiology is the study of the function of those structures, and pathophysiology is the study of the function og body parts in disease

Cell Differentiation

The process by which an unspecialized cell takes un a particular function

Four Major Categories of Cells

Muscle, neurons, epithelial, connective-tissue

Four Major Types of Tissues

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Three Types of Muscle Cells

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Simple epithelium

single cell thick tissue of epithelial cells

Stratified epithelium

thicker epithelial tissue with many layers of cells (e.g

Basement membrane

where the epithelium rests, its an extracellular protein layer which anchors the tissue

Epithelial

Examples of these cells include adipose, blood, fibrous connective tissue (tendons), cartilage, and bone

Organ

A discrete structure that porforms a specific functions

Functional unit

The "working unit" of an organ (e.g

Organ system

A collection of different organs working together to perform an overall function

Body fluids are localized into 2 compartments

intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid compartments (ECF)

Homeostasis

The process by which physiological variables are kept relatively "stable" despite imposed challenges

Set point

The regulated physiological range at which a certain variable will vary

Steady state

The active maitenence of a a variable within its set point

Integrated physiological function

Each variable can be regulated independently, but regulation of one variable may influence regulation of another

Negative Feedback

The homeostatic control system where a change in a variable away from its set point intitiates a response bringing it back towards its set point

Positive Feedback

The homeostatic control system where a change in a variable away from the set point causes a chain of events that further increases that change

Feedforward Regulation

The homeostatic control system where the body adjusts a variable prior to any actual change, in anticipation of future needs

Homeostatic Reflexes

Unlearned control systems linking stimuli with one/more responses, mediated by a reflex arc

Components of Reflex Arc

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector, response

Local Homeostatic Responses

Links a stimulus to a response, but occurs within a local area (no pathways or integrating center)