US History Chapter 6

totalitarianism

a government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people.

- leader used terror, spies, and the police force to impose the will of the state upon citizens

- people have no individual rights

- the govt. controls the media and uses propaganda to indoctrinate people

- schools and youth organizations foster the state ideology

- the govt. crushes opposition and censors any political rivals or divergent ideas

land

Italy and Japan both WWI allies, had expected far more \_____ of rather sacrifices

- WWI left behind many feelings of bitterness, anger, frustration, and despair, often with a desire for revenge

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953.

- He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

- he was suspicious, cruel, ruthless, and tyrannical

The Great Terror

Stalin's set of "purges," killed off all the old Bolsheviks for fear of them being a threat to his absolute power, then he liquidated over 40,000 army officers, and in the end of his life, he killed Jewish doctors out of superstition

propaganda

Stalin used fear and \________ to maintain his power

- publicity about him was made to make him look like a idol

- The public was fed with communist successes

- Soviet art was censored and only positive images of Stalin and soviet life were permitted

Italy

Since \____ didn't get the land it had hoped to obtain from WWI and the postwar economic depression made it difficult for returning vets to get jobs, the country was in chaos

- the communist movement grew
- peasants went on strikes and took control of factories
- the govt. was too weak and was unable to restore stability

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian dictator. He founded the Italian Fascist Party and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II.

- In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

- his followers, the Black Shirts, fought in the streets against socialists and communists

- he outlawed political parties, took over the press, created a secret police, organized youth groups to indoctrinate the young, and suppressed strikes

- his power over Italy wasn't as strong was Stalin's on the Soviet Union

fascist party

a right-wing organization that promised to restore efficiency and order and make Italy great again

- fascism appealed to many looking for strong leadership and to restore national pride

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

- struggled to establish a functional democracy

Nazis

a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

- opposed socialism, communism, or any other -ism that promoted class interests or workers' rights above German ethnic solidarity

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Leader of Nazis, Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust

- anti-Semitic
- criticized many people, political programs, and ideologies, but his worst was against communists and Jews

- aided by secret police, controlled the press and controlled the educational system

- thought that there was no morality in war, only victory and defeat

Anti-semitism

Prejudice against Jews

- was mainly motivated by religious intolerance and economic resentment

- In the late 19th century, new psuedo-scientific theories about Jews caused Jews to be labeled as ethnic outsiders

- Hitler believed in this
- he thought the greatest threat to Germany was the Jews

supported

In the late 1930s, Germany ended the depression and everyone \__________ Hitler

- Hitler maintained power by brainwashing the public with lies and propaganda drives or terrifying them into silence through ruthless violence
- he attacked Jews, communists, and socialists

military

In the 1920s, Japan was peaceful until the Great Depression discredited Japan's civilian leaders in the 1930s

- \_________ leaders argued that expansion through Asia would gain natural resources and new markets, which would solve Japan's economic troubles and guarantee future security

monarchy

Japan was a nominal constitutional \_________ headed by an emperor, but with the military high command assuming dictatorship-like powers over the people

- military leaders had control over the lives of the people and ended many democratic freedoms
- opposition was suppressed, media was censored, and schools instilled obedience to the nation

China

In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria, \_____, and established a puppet state, named Manchukuo

- Japan controlled its domestic and foreign policies, and natural resources

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938

- when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100,000 civilians, burned a large section of the city and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

- had no standing army and no real power to enforce its decrees

- it was only as strong as its member's resolve and during the great depression, the members lacked that resolve

- when aggressive nation began to test it, they realized that it was long on words and short on actions

Rhineland

A challenge to the League of Nations, Hitler sent troops to \___________, which was demilitarized

- According to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany is forbidden to have troops in the region, but the League didn't respond to the action

support

Mussolini invaded Ethiopia

- its emperor, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League of Nation for \________, but it did almost nothing, and Ethiopia fell

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected.

- General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war.

- Hitler and Mussolini went military and economic aid to Franco, using the conflict to TEST some of their new military technology

- France, Britain, and the US remained on the sidelines, refusing to provide weapons to the republican forces

appeasement

The policy of granting demands to potential enemies in hopes to maintain peace

- used by France and Britain against aggressive nations

- but it only spurred the fascist leaders to become more bold, adventurous, and aggressive

appease

Why did France and Britain \________ the fascist powers?

1) WWI was so horrible, some leaders vowed never to allow another such war to break out

2) Other leader thought that the Soviet Union posed a greater threat than Nazi Germany
- They maintained that a strong Germany would provide a buffer against the Soviet Union

Other leaders question the resolve of their own people and their allies, especially the US

Good neighbor policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries and consult with other nations if faced with danger

- This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

- FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region

FDR

\___ also improved relations with the Soviet Union by restoring diplomatic relations with the Soviet govt.

- although he remained wary about allying too closely with the communist nation

- the US concerned itself with its own economic troubles and embraced isolationism

Austria

Hitler took advantaged of the lack of commitment and unity among France, Britain, and the US

- so he brought \______ to his Reich

Anschluss

Union of Austria and Germany

- Austria had little choice

Sudentenland

a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived

- demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land
- when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war

- Britain and France appeased Germany and gave them the region

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

- At the Munich Conference with hitler, he and Edouard Daladier sacrificed Sudetenland to Germany to preserve peace

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Gemany, and France that gave Sudetenland to Germany

- Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"
- but Hitler break the pact 11 months laters

Franklin

President \__________ criticized Japan's aggression

- his solution for stopping aggression involved an informal alliance of the peace-loving nation, but he did not suggest what steps the peaceful nations should take in quarantining the aggressive ones

- Americans were not ready for another attempt at peacekeeping in Europe because of the failure of WWI treaty

Poland

Britain and France form an alliance with \_________, guaranteeing aid to the Poles if Hitler attacks

- but they did nothing to help save Poland

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Agreement between Hitler and Stalin that said they would both invade Poland and not attack one another

- secretly, they agreed to invade and divide Poland and recognize each other's territorial ambitions

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

- a sudden attack from all 3 directions and the Soviet Union attacking from the wast, taking control fo Poland

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allies

England, France, China, the United States, and the Soviet Union after their pact with the Nazi Regime was violated.

protection

France had \_________ from German invasion with the

- Maginot Line
- France stationed its finest armies along its border with Belgium, which was the route Germany used to attack France in 1914
- The Ardennes, a hilly, forested area that military experts considered invasion proof

Maginot Line

Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.

Ardennes

But German soldiers rolled through the \________

- the German plan was attacking the French and British forces from the front and the rear and trapping them against the English Channel

- It almost worked, but some tactical mistakes caused British forces to evacuate

The Miracle of Dunkirk

Retreating British soldiers were trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel.

- The British sent all available naval, merchant and even civilian ships across the channel and ferried 300,000 soldiers back to Britain.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

French

Although the British army escaped, the Germans took Paris and forced the \________ to surrender in the same railway car in WWI

- France was then divided into two sections: Occupied and Vichy France

Occupied France

Term used to describe the large part of northern France that was occupied by German Army and ruled directly by Germany.

Vichy France

"Puppet" government in southern France; basically run by Germany during the German occupation

- was officially neutral, but it collaborated with Nazis

Operation Sea Lion

Germany's plan to invade Great Britain in 1940.

- It consisted first of taking air superiority and then launching an amphibious invasion.

- However, it failed because German air superiority could never be established.

- Germany bombed civilian, and military targets, destroying houses, factories, and churches

the blitz

Sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1941

intervention

Majority of Americans opposed US \______________ because of the great Depression and many believed that US involvement in WWI was a deadly, expensive mistake

businesses

One theory as to why the US became involved in WWI was that big \________________ had conspired to enter the war in order to make huge fortunes selling weapons

- A senate committee found that American bankers and arms manufacturers had pulled the US into WWI

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

- imposed certain restrictions on Americans during times of war

- didn't distinguish between aggressors and allies

FDR

Once war began in Europe, \___ felt confined by the restrictions of the Neutrality Act and wanted to aid the democracies of Europe

- showed that he followed interventionist policies

Neutrality Act of 1939

allowed belligerent nations to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

- included a cash-and-carry provision
- since the British controlled the seas, it aided the allies

- Many Americans disagreed with FDR's provision because they thought the policies violated American neutrality and threatened to push the US into the war

isolationists

People who wanted the United States to stay OUT of world affairs

- claimed that giving aid to allies would automatically harm the Axis and would culminate with the US entering the conflict

- thought that the only was for the US to be safe was to follow a policy of complete neutrality

Interventionist

idea that the United States should get involved IN world affairs

- thought sending aid to Britain (after France fell) was a way for the US to stay out of conflict

Charles Lindbergh

leading isolationist voice

- believed that the real threats to the uS were the Soviet Union and Japan, and he didn't want to see his country weaken itself fighting Western Europe to save Britain

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

- after the fall of France

reports

\________ in London showed the blitz and emphasized that the Germans were bombing the civilians

ships

FDR gave Britain 50 WWI-era destroyers (\____) in exchange for 8 British defense bases

- Britain needed the ships to convoy goods across the Atlantic
- FDR made this decision without the consent of Congress

FDR Reelected to 3rd Term in 1940

Seen as controversial because it challenged a long held political tradition of presidents stepping down after 2 terms.

- Most strongly influenced by the advent of WWII in Europe and the people didn't want to change leaders in the middle of a crisis

best

Roosevelt thought the \____ way to stay out of conflict with Germany was to aid Britain

- When Britain ran out of funds, FDR wanted to help

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

- an economic declaration of war against Germany and the Axis Powers

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

- FDR and Churchill met secretly and discussed their mutual aims for the war and came up with this

- signaled the deepening alliance between the two and the full moral support of the US to Britain
- showed FDR's international leadership in coordinating the US relationship with its allies
- cast the conflict in moral terms with the Allies dedicated to freedom in contrast to domination by totalitarian dictatorships

U-boats

In 1941, Hitler ordered German _-\______ to attack US ships because they escorted arms shipments to Iceland, where Britain picked them up

- it shocked and angered Americans, moving them closer to declaring war on Germany

- Even though the US was still a neutral nation, FDR gave orders to the navy to attack German U-boats on sight

embargo

As Japan continued to grow into China, FDR tried to stop it by placing an \________ on important naval and aviation supplies like oil, iron ore, fuel, steel, and rubber

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country.

- He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

- focused intensely on military expansion but sought to keep the US neutral

negotiate

In 1942, Japan and the US tried to \_____________, but ended in disagreement because japan wants to expand, but the Us was against it

- Tojo gave up and delivered Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II.

- Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

- goal was to eradicate the American naval and air presence in the Pacific with a surprise attack and that it would prevent he US from mounting a strong resistance to Japanese expansion

materials

After the bombing, the US battle fleet was out of commission for about 6 months, allowing the Japanese to access the raw \________ of their new territories

- Looking back, Nagumo proved too conservative since he canceled the 3rd wave of bombers and refused to seek the aircraft carriers and the American Pacific fleet survived

Soviet Union

The Japanese dictatorship's aggression, culminating in the attack on Pearl Harbor was a compelling reason for the US to enter the war

- some had questioned the \______ \______ since the Soviet Union joined the Allied when Germany betrayed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and invaded the Soviet Union

- unified the republicans and democrats as they faced a war

patriotism

After the bombing, Americans showed their \___________ by searching for ways to contribute to the war effort

- by joining the red cross and other organizations, and moved into new jobs to help

Selective Training and Service Act

Selective Training and Service Act of September 1940 provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 (conscription) and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year.

- caused high levels of volunteer enlistments

- many from different ethnic and racial backgrounds joined the fight

George Marshall

As army chief of staff, he directed the military buildup, from coordinating and training troops to overseeing the manufacturing and delivery of all the necessary supplies

homosexuals

\________________ faced rejection and discrimination from the war effort

- during the 1930s, psychiatrists defined homosexuality as a mental illness, which influenced the policies of the US military

- still many gays and lesbians served in the forces, but were forced to conceal their identity, risking imprisonment or dishonorable discharge if they sexual orientation was revealed

identity

During the volunteer military enlistment, many gays and lesbians moved out of small towns into cities and met one another

- Ironically, the wartime discrimination of homosexuals helped forge a sense of gay \________ and gave way to a organized resistance and the beginning of the gay rights movement

Women Army Corps (WAC)

Allowed women to volunteer in noncombat positions in the army like clerical workers, truck drivers, instructors, and lab technicians

- was part of the regular army and women who served in it received the same benefits as men
- many women volunteered

production

From the start, FDR and other Allied leaders knew that American \_________ would be vital to winning

War Productions Board

The purpose of the board was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States.

- It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, paper, and plastics.

- also called for factories to convert to airplane, tank, or bomb production and could convert immediately

opposed

FDR often reached out to business leaders that \_________ his New Deal programs to get their expertise at leading or advising several of these agencies

Office of War Mobilization (OWM)

Federal agencies that supervised the scarce materials into proper industries, regulated the production of civilian goods, established production contracts, negotiated wit organized labor, and controlled inflation

Dollar-a-year men

executive volunteers staffed the country's War Production Board and other government agencies involved in the war effort while remain on the corporate payroll.

production miracle

massive defense spending to prepare for a war that officially ended the Great Depression

- unemployment decreased significantly

Ford Motor Company

The \_____ \______ \_______ poured its resources into war production, building B-24 Liberator Bombers

\-

American

In 1944, \_________ production levels, were double those of all the Axis powers combined

- gave the Allies a crucial advantage

advantages

Japan did have military \_____________ like advanced military weapons and a well-trained and highly motivated military

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the East Asia during World War II.

- struggled to hold the US positions in the Philippines with little support

- With Japanese forces coming at 2 sides, he and his troops retreated back from Manila to Bataan Peninsula nad a fortification on Corregidor Island, where they dug in for a long siege
- trapped, the Allies suffered, lacking supplies and rations

MacArthur

After realizing that it was a matter of time before surrendering, FDR ordered \____________ to leave to take command of the army in the Southwest Pacific

- the remaining Allied forces held out until they surrendered

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

- the Allies lost the Philippines when the citadel on Corregidor surrendered

- it was against the rules set in the Geneva Convention and other international agreements about the treatment of prisoners of war and wounded soldiers

- but it was not the first time that humane standards fo the treatment fo prisoners had been violated and it was far from the last, foreshadowing that the war of the pacific had inhumane treatment of prisoners

Japan's

\________ strategy was to take over so much of the Pacific regon that the Allies would be too discouraged to fight back

- so the Allies needed to regroup quickly to have any hope of victory in the Pacific

After Pearl Harbor, FDR wanted the US to retaliate against Japan

- so military leaders planned for a nighttime bombing raid from the deck of the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, led by James Doolittle

- but since the Hornet was detected 800 miles away from mainland Japan, Doolittle led a force of B-25 bombers in Tokyo

- the plane then crash-landed in China and it proved little military gain, but it improves American morale for the long fight

American Volunteer Group

Flying Tigers

- led by Claire Chenault, the pilots volunteered to fight the Japanese in the Pacific, flying their missions out of Burma

- they destroyed 296 Japanese aircrafts in China and Burma

Battle of the Coral Sea

Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides;

- Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington (technically a draw)

- Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive toward New Guinea, Australia

the first sea fight where the enemy warships never sighted each other, instead US airplanes attacked Japanese ships and vice versa

never

The Axis Powers \________ had a coordinated strategy to defeat the Allies

- Germany, Italy, and Japan just shared common enemies but had strategies that related their individual political and military goals

- Hitler wanted to dominate Europe and eliminated "inferior" people
- Mussolini wanted an Italian Empire
- Tojo sought Japnese control of the Wester Pacifica and Asia

trust

The Allied Powers shared more unified goals, but didn't completely \______ one another

- FDR and Churchill feared that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe
- Atlin thought the West wanted to destroy communism

Europe First

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin thought Germany was the most dangerous enemy because Germany was the only one who had the resources to simultaneously bomb Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union

- So the Allied leaders agreed to a "\_________ \______" plan

cut

Hitler wanted to \___ the line between the US and Europe before the US aid could make a difference

- so German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic and Caribbean, sinking merchant ships and killing thousands

- but convoys protected Allied shipping

- Also a new invention, radar, helped Allied vessels locate U-boats at night

Soviet Union

Germany attacked the \_________ \_______ in 1941

- one towards Leningrad
- one towards Moscow
- one south of Stalingrad

- Although German forces pushed deep, they couldn't achieve their main goal of conquering the Soviet Union because of Soviet resistance and brutal winters

southern

In 1942, Hitler concentrated his armies in the \__________ Soviet Union

- his goal this time was to control the rich Caucasus oil fields

- to achieve this, he would have to capture the city of Stalingrad

refused

Soviet troops counterattacked, trapping the german forces

- but Hitler \________ to allow his army to retreat, so they suffered for starvation, frostbite, and diseases, then they surrendered

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

- was the true turning point of the war in Europe, ending any realistic plans Hitler had of dominating the entire continent

- Nazi forces were forced to retreat back to Germany

North Africa

In \______ \_____, the British had been fighting the Germans and the Italian since 1940

Goals that motivated the North African Campaign

- Stalin wanted the US and Britain to open a second front against Germany in Western Europe, which would hep relieve German pressure on the Soviet Union

less

The invasion of North Africa required \_____ resources and planning than Europe

- also forcing Germany out of North African would pave the way for an Allied invasion of Italy