V. Writing

Writing process

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(P. D. R. E. P. F. P)

• Prewriting:

• Drafting:

• Revising:

• Editing:

• Publishing:

• Feedback:

• Practice:

Linking Words (Transition words)

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(A. S. E. C. C. C/E. C. S)

• Addition: also, in addition

• Sequence: first, next,

• Example: for example, such as,

• Compare: similarly, likewise

• Contrast: however, although,

• Cause/Effect: because, so,

• Clarify: in other words,

• Summarize: in conclusion,

Precise Language

using specific, clear, and accurate words to convey meaning.

Example:

• Vague: "He ran really fast."

• Precise: "He sprinted down the track.

Figurative Language

Words or phrases used imaginatively to create vivid effects, not meant literally.

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Example: "The classroom was a zoo"

• Simile: compares with like or as

• Metaphor: direct comparison

• Personification: human traits to objects

• Hyperbole: exaggeration

• Onomatopoeia: sound words

• Alliteration: repeating sounds

Temporal Words

Words that show time or order of events.

Examples:

• First, next, then, finally

• Before, after, during

• Meanwhile, later, soon

Dialogue

Conversation between characters in a story or play.

Sentence variety

(S. C. C.)

Using different types and lengths of sentences to make writing more interesting and clear.

• Example:
  

  • Simple: She ran fast.
    

  • Compound: She ran fast, and he followed quickly.
    

  • Complex: Because she was late, she ran fast.

Modes of Writing

(E. N. D. P. A)

• Expository:

• Narrative:

• Descriptive:

• Persuasive:

• Argumentative:

Text structure

(C. C/E. P/S. C/C. D. S/P)

The way information is organized in a text.

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• Chronological:

• Cause and Effect:

• Problem and Solution:

• Compare and Contrast:

• Descriptive:

• Sequential/Process:

3 elements of writing

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(T. P. A)

• Tone:

• Purpose: (inform, entertain, persuade).

• Audience:

Rubrics

tools for assessing student work based on specific criteria.

Noun

Represent people, places, things, or ideas.
Example: cat, city, love

Pronoun

Replace nouns to avoid repetition.
Example: he, she, it, they

verb

Show actions, states, or occurrences.
Example: run, jump, is

adjective

Describe or modify nouns.
Example: tall, happy, blue

adverb

Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Example: quickly, very, well

preposition

Show relationships between nouns and other words.
Example: in, on, at, under

conjunction

Connect words, phrases, or clauses.
Example: and, but, or

Interjection

Express strong feelings or reactions.
Example: wow, ouch, hey

Articles

Define the noun as specific or unspecific.
Example: a, an, the

Simple Sentence

Contains one independent clause (a subject and a predicate).
Example: She reads books.

Compound sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., and, but, or, nor).
Example: She reads books, and he writes stories

Complex sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (a group of words that cannot stand alone).
Example: She reads books because she loves stories.

Compound complex sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Example: She reads books because she loves stories, and he writes stories in his free time

Independent clause

A complete thought with a subject and predicate; can stand alone.

• Example: She went to the store

Dependent clause

Has a subject and predicate but doesn't express a complete thought; cannot stand alone.

• Example: Because she went to the store.

Predicate

the part of a sentence that tells what the subject does or what happens to the subject.

• Example: She ran quickly. (Predicate: "ran quickly")

Fragments

an incomplete sentence that lacks a subject, predicate, or both, and cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

• Example: Running through the park. (Fragment: no subject performing the action)

Expository Writing

Writing that explains, informs, or presents facts.

• Example:
  An article explaining the water cycle.

Narrative Writing

Tells a story with characters, setting, and plot

• Example: A short story about a summer adventure

Descriptive Writing

Describes details.

• Example: A sunset's beauty.

Persuasive Writing

Convince the reader.

• Example: A letter for environmental protection.

Argumentative Writing

Presents evidence to argue a point.

• Example: Debating online learning.

Adverbial Clause

A dependent clause that functions as an adverb, explaining when, where, why, or how something happens

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(e.g., I left because it was late.)

Relative Clause

A dependent clause that describes a noun, usually starting with who, which, or that

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(e.g., The book that I read was great.).

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words

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(e.g., “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”).

Prewriting

The initial stage of the writing process where ideas are generated, organized, and planned

drafting

The process of creating a version of a piece of writing, focusing on getting ideas down

revising

clarity, word choice, and structure corrections

editing

grammar and spelling corrections

as well as peer corrections

Publishing

final stage of the writing process, involving the preparation and sharing of a polished, edited paper with an audience,

practice

consistent, repeated, and deliberate action of writing to improve craft, build fluency, and establish a creative routine

Proper noun

A specific name for a particular person, place, organization, or thing, always capitalized regardless of its position in a sentence

(places, names, brands, days/months)

Common Nouns

General names for a class of person, place, or thing (e.g., dog, city, teacher).

Concrete nouns

Physical things you can perceive through the five senses (e.g., apple, desk, music

Abstract nouns

Intangible concepts, ideas, or emotions (e.g., love, justice, courage).

collective nouns

Words that refer to a group of individuals as a single unit (e.g., team, jury, family).

compound nouns

combining two or more words (e.g., toothbrush, sunflower, mother-in-law).

countable/uncountable nouns

Countable: have plural forms (e.g., chair/chairs, book/books).

Uncountable: representing masses or concepts (e.g., water, information, sugar).

Possessive nouns

Nouns that indicate ownership, usually by adding 's (e.g., dog's bone, James's car).

Verbal Nouns

Nouns formed from verbs, typically ending in -ing (e.g., reading is fun).

Emergent

Level 1

draw / scribble

Early

Level 2

sounds like spelling

Transitional

Level 3

mostly correct spelling

Fluent

Level 4

grammar + organization →

Consonance

Repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words.

(e.g., "pitter-patter" or "block stock")

Prepositional Phrase

a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. (The book is ON the…)

Clause

Subject + Verb

Phrase

No subject or verb