Church Councils

In 325, council condemned Arianism

Council of Nicaea - formulated Nicene Creed

In 381, council settled the theological dispute of the Divinity of the Holt Spirit

Council of Constantinople I

In 431, council addressed heresy of Nestorianism which denied Mary to be the Mother of God

Council of Ephesus

In 451, council addressed Monophysitism

Council of Chalcedon

In 553, council condemned the three chapters controversy which were nestorianism, monophysitism, and imperial-papal relations

Council of Constantinople II

From 680-681, council condemned Montothelitism

Council of Constantinople III

In 787, council condemned Iconoclasm

Council of Nicaea II

From 869-870, council was called to solve Photian Controversy a potential East-West Schism deposed by Patriarch Photius

Council of Constantinople IV

In 1123, council solved the Investiture Controversy which condemned simony and clerical celibacy

Council of Lateran I

matter evil -secret knowledge (gnosis) gained by intuition or interior religious experience

Gnosticism (error)

dualistic (good god vs. evil god) matter evil-soul trapped in evil body

Manichaeism (error)

the Son “came to be from things that were not,” and that He was “from another substance than that of the Father”

Arianism (error)

Holy Spirit not one of the persons of the Trinity, or not of the same substance

Confusion of the Holy Spirit (error)

Christ a human person united to a divine person. Nestorianism (error)

the human nature of Christ ceased to exist as such in Christ when the divine person assumed it.

Monophysitism (error)

the divine Word replaced Christ’s human soul

Apollinarius of Laodicaea (error)

wrong to represent Christ in art

Iconoclasm (error)