Studied by 2 people"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.
XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.
XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&...
XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."
Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620
The method of inquiry elucidated by Francis Bacon in the passage is known as
A. humanism
B. deduction
C. empiricism
D. scientific socialism
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The arrival of empiricism was the hallmark of the scientific era. Francis Bacon was one of its earliest proponents, and the book that this passage is taken from, Novum Organum, was his attempt to unseat Aristotle, whose body of work was called the Organon. It was intended to be a catalog of everything that could be sensed. Perhaps unsurprisingly, he never finished it.
"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.
XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.
XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&...
XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."
Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620
How does the approach outlined in Novum Organum differ from the studies of the Renaissance era that preceded it?
A. The Renaissance was anchored in Italy; the scientific era was barely noticed there.
B. The Renaissance revered the natural teachings of classical authority; Bacon's writings sought to overturn them.
C. The Renaissance was sponsored primarily by the Church, whereas scientific societies were sponsored mainly by wealthy merchants.
D. The Renaissance featured a wild spirit of discovery, but the scientific pioneers were much more cautious in their pronouncements
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Aristotlean worldview had been rediscovered by Italian traders as they entered into Arabic lands. This sparked the accomplishments of the Renaissance. However, the scientists of the time considered ancient natural science to be antiquated and irrational, and a poor method of searching for truth. Therefore, the answer here is (B).
"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.
XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.
XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&...
XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."
Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620
By the 1800s, the method of empirical reasoning reflected in the passage had undergone which of the following changes?
A. It had weakened to the point of irrelevance.
B. It had become a core principle of European culture.
C. It had been refined and changed by so many people that it had become unrecognizable to those such as Bacon who had pioneered it.
D. It had stagnated to the point that the common person had begun to search for a new organizing principle of life.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The entire scientific explosion of the late nineteenth century-all the plodding laboratory work that was performed by Pasteur, Curie, and hundreds of other famous names-was based upon a belief in empirical thought. While (D) may have been tempting, the common person doesn't generally look for new organizing principles for life.
"XI. As the present sciences are useless for the discovery of effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the discovery of the sciences.
XIX. There are and can exist but two ways of investigating and discovering truth. The one hurries on rapidly from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from them, as principles and their supposed indisputable truth, derives and discovers the intermediate axioms. This is the way now in use. The other constructs its axioms from the senses and particulars, by ascending continually and gradually, till it finally arrives at the most general axioms, which is the true but unattempted way.
XXII. Each of these two ways begins from the senses and particulars, and ends in the greatest generalities&...
XXXVI. We have but one simple method of delivering our sentiments, namely, we must bring men to particulars and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions, and begin to form an acquaintance with things."
Francis Bacon, English philosopher and essayist, Novum Organum, 1620
This method of inquiry established by Bacon required
A. the use of deductive reasoning.
B. the authority of ancient Greek scientists.
C. a greater reliance on mathematical equations.
D. the actual observation of phenomena.
D. the actual observation of phenomena.
The following picture is an engraving.
William Hogarth, Marriage à la Mode (The Marriage Contract), Plate 1, 1745
Which of the following is an accurate summation of the kind of commentary Hogarth was attempting?
A. The practice of selling art to foreigners leads to cultural bankruptcy.
B. The practice of painting flattering portraits of the rich will be the death of true art.
C. The practice of economically motivated marriages of convenience is morally repugnant and bound to bring misery.
D. The marrying of aristocratic status to bourgeois wealth will solidify the future of the realm
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The sight of two fathers treating their children as economic assets while the clergyman leers at the bride-to-be shows Hogarth's moral repugnance. The mutual lack of interest shown by the future bride and groom foreshadows the misery that will follow (and which Hogarth depicts in the rest of this series of engravings). A is incorrect because the subject of the engraving is not the sale of art to foreigners. B is incorrect because portrait painting and patronage are not the subject of the engraving. D is incorrect because the scene depicted does not inspire confidence in the future of the realm.
The following picture is an engraving.
William Hogarth, Marriage à la Mode (The Marriage Contract), Plate 1, 1745
The scene depicted in the engraving refers to which manifestation of social change in the eighteenth century?
A. The marriage of older men to younger women
B. The liquidation of art collections by a cash-poor aristocracy
C. The combining, through marriage, of aristocratic status and bourgeois wealth
D. The movement to allow Protestant churchmen to marry
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Hogarth was commenting on the phenomenon of cash-strapped aristocrats marrying their sons to daughters of wealthy bourgeois businessmen in order to ensure a combination of wealth and status in the next generation of the family. A is incorrect because the engraving depicts two fathers haggling over the details of marrying their son and daughter. B is incorrect because the subject of the engraving is not the sale of art. D is incorrect because the subject of the engraving is not churchmen marrying.
The following picture is an engraving.
William Hogarth, Marriage à la Mode (The Marriage Contract), Plate 1, 1745
The engraving is an example of which of the following developments in eighteenth-century art?
A. Artists' abandonment of realistic representation
B. Artists' criticism of social practices through satire
C. Artists' creation of flattering portraits for rich patrons
D. The continued development of landscape
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Hogarth was criticizing the practice of economically motivated marriage through a satirically humorous depiction. A is incorrect because the scene is depicted realistically. C is incorrect because the depiction of the aristocrats in the scene is not flattering. D is incorrect because the image is not a landscape.
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Which of the following quotes from the excerpt MOST reflects the influence of the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?
A) "God of all beings, of all worlds"
B) "The burdens of a painful and transitory life"
C) " that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms called men"
D) "those who light candles in broad daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun"
C) “that all the little variations that defferentiate the atoms called men”
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Voltaire would MOST agree with the religious practices of
A) Oliver Cromwell
B) Frederick II
C) Peter the Great
D) William and Mary
B) Frederick II
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
The ideas expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following about Enlightenment intellectuals?
A. Some of them believed that the discoveries of new science warranted new approaches to social and cultural issues.
B. Some of them were accomplished scientists in their own right who made important discoveries.
C. Some of them relied on new venues for spreading their ideas, such as salons and mass-produced inexpensive pamphlets.
D. Some of them rejected religious belief altogether and turned to atheism.
A. Some of them believed that the discoveries of new science warranted new approaches to social and cultural issues.
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Voltaire's mockery of the notion of one true religion in the second paragraph of the passage is most directly influenced by which of the following?
A. Protestant challenges to the Catholic Church's claim of monopoly on religious truth.
B. Ideas of legal equality and individual rights espoused by political theorists such as Locke and Rousseau.
C. Newtonian ideas of a deterministic and mechanistic universe ruled by mathematical laws.
D. Europeans' deeper awareness of the world's cultural diversity, gained through scientific exploration and travelers' accounts.
D. Europeans' deeper awareness of the world's cultural diversity, gained through scientific exploration and travelers' accounts.
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
In addition to being informed by general principles, Voltaire's concern with promoting religious toleration was primarily relevant to supporters of the Enlightenment in 18th-century France because
A. the refusal of French monarchs to convene the Estates-General after 1614 had meant that the French people had no effective representation in setting government policy.
B. the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV in 1685 had led to the persecution of members of the Protestant minority.
C. the failure of Diderot and d'Alembert to include religion in the scope of the Encyclopedie had provoked criticism of their work by members of the French clergy.
D. France's large Jewish population remained deprived of citizenship and civil rights.
B. the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV in 1685 had led to the persecution of members of the Protestant minority.
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Compared with Luther's 16th-century critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Voltaire's critique in the first paragraph of the passage is
A. more focused on the corruption of the Catholic clergy.
B. more focused on challenging specific points of Catholic doctrine.
C. less reliant on using Scripture to challenge Catholic tradition.
D. less militant and more open to the possibility of reconciliation.
C. less reliant on using Scripture to challenge Catholic tradition.
"No longer then do I address myself to men, but to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all ages; if it may be permitted, weak creatures lost in immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the universe, to dare to ask something of you, you who have given everything, and whose decrees are immutable as they are eternal. Deign to look with pity on the errors attached to our nature; let not these errors prove ruinous to us. You have not given us hearts to hate ourselves with, and hands to kill one another. Grant then that we may mutually aide each other to support the burden of a painful and transitory life; that the trifling differences in the garments that cover our frail bodies, in our insufficient languages, in our ridiculous customs, in our imperfect laws, in our idle opinions, in all our conditions so disproportionate in our eyes, and so equal in yours, that all the little variations that differentiate the atoms call men not be signs of hatred and persecution; that those who light candles in bright daylight to worship you bear with those who content themselves with the light of your sun; that those who dress themselves in a white robe to say that we must love you do not detest those who say the same thing in cloaks of black wool; that it may be all the same to adore you in a dialect formed from an ancient or a modern language; that those whose coat is colored red or violet, who rule over a little parcel of a little heap of mud of this world, and who possess a few round fragments of a certain metal, enjoy without pride what they call grandeur and riches, and may others look on them without envy; for you know there is nothing in all these vanities to inspire envy or pride."
Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Compared with a late nineteenth-century Social Darwinist view of the world, Voltaire's view in the passage is
A) more skeptical of the view of science to explain the natural world
B) more accepting of an idea of a racial basis for the differences between European and non-European societies
C) less reliant on notions of European cultural superiority
D) less accepting of the idea that humans are rational animals
C) less reliant on notions of European cultural superiority
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital."
Song of the poissardes (Paris market women), October 1789
The events referred to in the song led most directly to which of the following?
(A) The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France
(B) The creation of a republican government in France
(C) The installation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French
(D) The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy
(A) The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital."
Song of the poissardes (Paris market women), October 1789
The poissardes and other participants in the events described in the song were motivated most strongly by which of the following?
(A) An economic crisis brought about by food shortages
(B) The desire to institute free-market principles in the French economy
(C) The failure of France to gain substantial advantages from its wars with Britain
(D) The fear that Enlightenment ideas about government would undermine the basis of monarchy
(A) An economic crisis brought about by food shortages
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital."
Song of the poissardes (Paris market women), October 1789
The participation of women such as the poissardes led to which of the following during the early phases of the French Revolution?
(A) Wage equality for women
(B) Permanent legal equality for women, but no political rights
(C) Temporary improvements in women's legal status
(D) Loss of rights previously held by women
(C) Temporary improvements in women's legal status
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
All of the following are TRUE about the above decree EXCEPT
it narrowed the scope of the French Revolution
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
Identify the true statements regarding the French Revolutionary government and its call for a levee en masse
A) The Revolutionary Assembly converted the army into a public institution, publicly funded and publicly commanded and controlled
B) The army was an instrument of the public purpose and of the public's collective aspirations, not the king's aspirations
C) Only nobles were eligible for officer ranks
D) The public was intolerant of larger contributions to military activity, and resented increases of defense spending to support the military
C) Only nobles were eligible for officer ranks
Step by step explanation:
In the political arrangement of Revolutionary France, the noble class was made up the Second Estate of the Estates General (with the Catholic pastorate containing the First Estate and the bourgeoisie and laborers in the Third Estate). The participation in the noble class was primarily acquired, it was anything but a completely shut request. New people were designated to the nobility by the government, or even join by marriage. as the outcome, they could buy rights and titles which were simply qualified for the nobles.
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
The levée en masse
A) Provided for universal male suffrage
B) Determined all foreigners to be enemies of the Republic
C) Capitulated to women's right to bear arms
D) Conscripted males into the army and directed economic production to military purposes
E) Repurposed the Catholic Mass as a ritual of civic virtue
D) Conscripted males into the army and directed economic production to military purposes
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
This passage established
A. the French Republic
B. the Committee of Public Safety
C. war against the Coalition
D. mass conscription
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: The document proclaimed that, by law, "all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies." A is incorrect because the French Republic was proclaimed to exist on September 22, 1792, nearly a year prior to the publication of the Levée en Masse. B is incorrect because the Committee of Public Safety was created in March 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793; it was the Committee of Public Safety that authored the Levée en Masse. C is incorrect because France had declared war on the Habsburg monarchy of Austria on April 20, 1792, and the kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later. The Levée en Masse was a response to the needs of France in the face of war with the First Coalition, not a declaration of it.
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
The passage can be used as one example of the way in which the Committee of Public Safety
A. revamped the economy of the new French Republic
B. successfully harnessed the human resources of the new French Republic
C. reformed the religious rituals of the Church in the new French Republic
D. brought about its own destruction
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Levée en Masse is a good example of the way in which the Committee of Public Safety successfully harnessed the human resources of the new French Republic; it succeeded in training an army of about eight hundred thousand soldiers in less than a year, turning the tide of the War of the First Coalition in France's favor. A is incorrect because the Levée en Masse does not deal with efforts to reform the economy of the new French Republic. C is incorrect because the Levée en Masse does not deal with efforts to reform the religious rituals of the Church. D is incorrect because the Levée en Masse, and the military success it brought, actually increased the popularity of the Committee of Public Safety.
"Young men will go to the front; married men will forge arms and transport foodstuffs; women will make tents, clothes, will serve in the hospitals; children will tear rags into lint; old men will get themselves carried to public places, there to stir up the courage of the warriors, hatred of kings and unity in the republic."
The Levee en Masse, Decree from the National Convention. August 23, 1793
It could be argued that the passage represents a turning point in the history of warfare in modern European history because
A. it represented the introduction of weaponry produced by large-scale industrialization
B. it advocated the total extinction of a nation's enemies
C. it was war run by a committee
D. it advocated total war
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: It can be reasonably argued that the Levée en Masse was the first instance in modern European warfare where all elements of the population and all the reserves of the state were committed to a war effort. A is incorrect because the Levée en Masse did not introduce weaponry produced by large-scale industrialization. B is incorrect because the Levée en Masse did not advocate the total extinction of France's enemies. C is incorrect because the War of the First Coalition continued to be run by French generals; the Levée en Masse simply increased the size and improved the training of the soldiers available to them.
"When a stream is brimful, a slight rise suffices to cause an overflow. So was it with the extreme distress of the eighteenth century. A poor man, who finds it difficult to live when bread is cheap, sees death staring him in the face when it is dear.
In 1788, a year of severe drought, the crops had been poor. In addition to this, on the eve of the harvest, a terrible hail-storm burst over the region around Paris, from Normandy to Champagne, devastating sixty leagues of the most fertile territory, and causing damage to the amount of one hundred millions of francs. Winter came on, the severest that had been since 1709.
In Vivarais, and in the Cevennes, whole forests of chestnuts had perished, along with all the grain and grass crops on the uplands. After the spring of 1789 the famine spread everywhere, and it increased from month to month like a rising flood. In vain did the Government order the farmers, proprietors, and corn-dealers to keep the markets supplied. In vain did it double the bounty on imports, resort to all sorts of expedients, involve itself in debt, and expend over forty millions of francs to furnish France with wheat.
Neither public measures nor private charity could meet the overwhelming need.
In many parishes one-fourth of the population are beggars.
In Lorraine, according to the testimony of all observers, 'the people are half dead with hunger.' In Paris, the number of paupers has been trebled; there are thirty thousand in Faubourg Saint-Antoine alone. Around Paris there is a short supply of grain, or it is spoilt. Paris thus, in a perfect sense of tranquility, appears like a famished city put on rations at the end of a long siege.
"Hippolyte A. Taine, French critic and historian, The Origins of Contemporary France, Vol. 2, 1870
In the passage, Taine stresses the fact that the roots of the French Revolution were largely agricultural. What evidence would best support this argument?
A. A well-preserved stalk of wheat from the era submitted to modern scientific analysis
B. Several years' of tax records of various local French food markets
C. Sketches of the subsequent mob scenes
D. A recipe list compiled by the private chef to a nobleman
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Because the passage lists the various ways in which the people were starving, and how the grain was getting spoiled, it would stand to reason that records showing less food being sold would support the author's contention. Choice (A) may be tempting, but scientific analysis of a stalk of wheat wouldn't tell the modern historian the amount of food being sold.
"When a stream is brimful, a slight rise suffices to cause an overflow. So was it with the extreme distress of the eighteenth century. A poor man, who finds it difficult to live when bread is cheap, sees death staring him in the face when it is dear.
In 1788, a year of severe drought, the crops had been poor. In addition to this, on the eve of the harvest, a terrible hail-storm burst over the region around Paris, from Normandy to Champagne, devastating sixty leagues of the most fertile territory, and causing damage to the amount of one hundred millions of francs. Winter came on, the severest that had been since 1709.
In Vivarais, and in the Cevennes, whole forests of chestnuts had perished, along with all the grain and grass crops on the uplands. After the spring of 1789 the famine spread everywhere, and it increased from month to month like a rising flood. In vain did the Government order the farmers, proprietors, and corn-dealers to keep the markets supplied. In vain did it double the bounty on imports, resort to all sorts of expedients, involve itself in debt, and expend over forty millions of francs to furnish France with wheat.
Neither public measures nor private charity could meet the overwhelming need.
In many parishes one-fourth of the population are beggars.
In Lorraine, according to the testimony of all observers, 'the people are half dead with hunger.' In Paris, the number of paupers has been trebled; there are thirty thousand in Faubourg Saint-Antoine alone. Around Paris there is a short supply of grain, or it is spoilt. Paris thus, in a perfect sense of tranquility, appears like a famished city put on rations at the end of a long siege.
"Hippolyte A. Taine, French critic and historian, The Origins of Contemporary France, Vol. 2, 1870
Which of the following is a factor that contributed to France becoming "brimful," according to Taine's terminology?
A. The accumulation of war debt
B. The passage of the Stamp Act
C. The Tennis Court Oath
D. The Commune of Paris
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: The use of "brimful" in the first sentence metaphorically refers to a political situation in which people are on the verge of rebellion, much like a stream on the verge of overflowing. The factors that created such a condition were largely economic, as the author states that poverty was prevalent throughout the nation. Perhaps the largest economic stressor on France during the eighteenth century was the wars it carried out against Great Britain, particularly in the Americas. The burden to pay off these war debts ultimately fell on the Third Estate via taxation. As described in the passage, the Third Estate was largely made up of people in poverty.
"When a stream is brimful, a slight rise suffices to cause an overflow. So was it with the extreme distress of the eighteenth century. A poor man, who finds it difficult to live when bread is cheap, sees death staring him in the face when it is dear.
In 1788, a year of severe drought, the crops had been poor. In addition to this, on the eve of the harvest, a terrible hail-storm burst over the region around Paris, from Normandy to Champagne, devastating sixty leagues of the most fertile territory, and causing damage to the amount of one hundred millions of francs. Winter came on, the severest that had been since 1709.
In Vivarais, and in the Cevennes, whole forests of chestnuts had perished, along with all the grain and grass crops on the uplands. After the spring of 1789 the famine spread everywhere, and it increased from month to month like a rising flood. In vain did the Government order the farmers, proprietors, and corn-dealers to keep the markets supplied. In vain did it double the bounty on imports, resort to all sorts of expedients, involve itself in debt, and expend over forty millions of francs to furnish France with wheat.
Neither public measures nor private charity could meet the overwhelming need.
In many parishes one-fourth of the population are beggars.
In Lorraine, according to the testimony of all observers, 'the people are half dead with hunger.' In Paris, the number of paupers has been trebled; there are thirty thousand in Faubourg Saint-Antoine alone. Around Paris there is a short supply of grain, or it is spoilt. Paris thus, in a perfect sense of tranquility, appears like a famished city put on rations at the end of a long siege.
"Hippolyte A. Taine, French critic and historian, The Origins of Contemporary France, Vol. 2, 1870
The events referred to in the text led most directly to which other event?
A. The swift Napoleonic conquest of Europe
B. A large-scale uprising launched by the Third Estate
C. The assemblage of the Concert of Europe
D. The June Rebellion
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The economic stress placed on the Third Estate was enough to push this segment of the French people to demand equal participation in government. When this demand was denied, members of the Third Estate incited an uprising, (B).
"When a stream is brimful, a slight rise suffices to cause an overflow. So was it with the extreme distress of the eighteenth century. A poor man, who finds it difficult to live when bread is cheap, sees death staring him in the face when it is dear.
In 1788, a year of severe drought, the crops had been poor. In addition to this, on the eve of the harvest, a terrible hail-storm burst over the region around Paris, from Normandy to Champagne, devastating sixty leagues of the most fertile territory, and causing damage to the amount of one hundred millions of francs. Winter came on, the severest that had been since 1709.
In Vivarais, and in the Cevennes, whole forests of chestnuts had perished, along with all the grain and grass crops on the uplands. After the spring of 1789 the famine spread everywhere, and it increased from month to month like a rising flood. In vain did the Government order the farmers, proprietors, and corn-dealers to keep the markets supplied. In vain did it double the bounty on imports, resort to all sorts of expedients, involve itself in debt, and expend over forty millions of francs to furnish France with wheat.
Neither public measures nor private charity could meet the overwhelming need.
In many parishes one-fourth of the population are beggars.
In Lorraine, according to the testimony of all observers, 'the people are half dead with hunger.' In Paris, the number of paupers has been trebled; there are thirty thousand in Faubourg Saint-Antoine alone. Around Paris there is a short supply of grain, or it is spoilt. Paris thus, in a perfect sense of tranquility, appears like a famished city put on rations at the end of a long siege.
"Hippolyte A. Taine, French critic and historian, The Origins of Contemporary France, Vol. 2, 1870
Which of the following periods was most similar to the situation described in the passage?
A. 1610s Netherlands
B. 1840s Ireland
C. 1870s Germany
D. 1890s England
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The famine described in the passage should call to mind the famous potato famine that struck Ireland in 1848. Choice (B) is the correct answer.
"When a stream is brimful, a slight rise suffices to cause an overflow. So was it with the extreme distress of the eighteenth century. A poor man, who finds it difficult to live when bread is cheap, sees death staring him in the face when it is dear.
In 1788, a year of severe drought, the crops had been poor. In addition to this, on the eve of the harvest, a terrible hail-storm burst over the region around Paris, from Normandy to Champagne, devastating sixty leagues of the most fertile territory, and causing damage to the amount of one hundred millions of francs. Winter came on, the severest that had been since 1709.
In Vivarais, and in the Cevennes, whole forests of chestnuts had perished, along with all the grain and grass crops on the uplands. After the spring of 1789 the famine spread everywhere, and it increased from month to month like a rising flood. In vain did the Government order the farmers, proprietors, and corn-dealers to keep the markets supplied. In vain did it double the bounty on imports, resort to all sorts of expedients, involve itself in debt, and expend over forty millions of francs to furnish France with wheat.
Neither public measures nor private charity could meet the overwhelming need.
In many parishes one-fourth of the population are beggars.
In Lorraine, according to the testimony of all observers, 'the people are half dead with hunger.' In Paris, the number of paupers has been trebled; there are thirty thousand in Faubourg Saint-Antoine alone. Around Paris there is a short supply of grain, or it is spoilt. Paris thus, in a perfect sense of tranquility, appears like a famished city put on rations at the end of a long siege.
"Hippolyte A. Taine, French critic and historian, The Origins of Contemporary France, Vol. 2, 1870
It can be inferred from the passage that Taine most strongly felt that
A. King Louis XIV was primarily responsible for the economic conditions experienced by the French people
B. the impact of famine on French history has been surprisingly minimal
C. government-led economic interventions usually fail to succeed
D. the French Revolution was inevitable, due to particular social and economic circumstances
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Think again about the "brimful" stream in the first sentence of the passage: "When a stream is brimful, a slight ride suffices to cause an overflow." This sentence serves as evidence that the author saw the impending revolution as an unsurprising consequence of famine and poverty. Choice (D) is therefore correct.
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
A Marxist historian arguing against the contention regarding the sans-culottes in the first paragraph would likely cite which of the following as evidence?
A. The sans-culottes' identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status
B. The sans-culottes' involvement in the storming of the Bastille
C. The sans-culottes' attacks on the foreign mercenaries employed by Louis XVI
D. The sans-culottes' support for a popularly elected democratic government
A. The sans-culottes' identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
In the first paragraph, Stromberg most clearly criticizes which of the following historical interpretations of the French Revolution?
a) the french revolution was primarily motivated by short-term fiscal crises
b) the french revolution was an example of social darwinist concepts of struggle
c) the french revolution was primarily motivated by cultural nationalism
d) the french revolution was an example of class conflict
d) The French Revolution was an example of class conflict.
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
Historians disagreeing with Stromberg and making the argument that the French Revolution was based on Enlightenment values would most likely cite which of the following as evidence in support of their position?
a) The Concordat of 1801 between the French government and the Roman Catholic Church
b) The suppression of the counterrevolutionary peasant revolts in the Vendée region of France
c) The issuing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
d) The French attempts to suppress the revolt in the colony of Saint Domingue
c) The issuing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Note 
Flashcard (22)