Bioenergetics and ATP Production

These vocabulary flashcards are designed to help students review key terms and concepts related to bioenergetics, energy production, and nutrition as discussed in the lecture.

Bioenergetics

Study of how living organisms generate and utilize energy.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of the cell used to store and transfer energy.

Calorie

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Kcal

Kilocalorie, commonly referred to as a dietary calorie.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that provide energy.

Glycogen

The stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles.

Aerobic metabolism

Process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

Anaerobic metabolism

Energy production in the absence of oxygen.

Phosphocreatine system

Energy system that provides immediate ATP through the breakdown of phosphocreatine.

Glycolysis

Metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

Pyruvate

End product of glycolysis that can be converted to lactate or enter the Krebs cycle.

Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)

Metabolic pathway that produces ATP through the oxidation of acetyl CoA.

Electron transport chain

Series of protein complexes that transfer electrons to produce ATP using oxygen.

Beta oxidation

Process of breaking down free fatty acids to produce acetyl CoA.

Lactate

Byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis that can be utilized as energy by other tissues.

Epinephrine

Hormone that increases during exercise to stimulate energy production.

Hormone sensitive lipase

Enzyme that breaks down fat during lipolysis.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

Molecule formed by the breakdown of ATP; can be converted back to ATP.

NADH

Reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, used in cellular respiration.

FADH2

Reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide, used in cellular respiration.

Acetyl CoA

Molecule that enters the Krebs cycle to produce ATP.

Fat oxidation

Metabolic process of breaking down fats for energy.

Skeletal muscle

Muscle tissue primarily responsible for movement and maintaining posture.

Mitochondria

Organelles that act as the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP through respiration.

Lipid storage

The process of storing excess fatty acids in adipose tissue.

Hydrogen ions

Product of glucose and fatty acid oxidation; can affect pH levels in the body.

Rate limiting enzyme

An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway.

Negative feedback

Process where the product of a reaction inhibits its production.

Insulin resistance

A condition where body cells become less responsive to insulin, affecting glucose metabolism.

Mitochondrial density

The amount of mitochondria present in a muscle cell, affecting aerobic capacity.

Energy systems

Various biochemical pathways that produce ATP during different types of activity.

Glucagon

Hormone that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Substrate level phosphorylation

Direct production of ATP from a metabolic pathway.

Glucose sparing

Using glycogen to preserve blood glucose levels during intense exercise.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain.

Type I fibers

Muscle fibers that are more resistant to fatigue and are used primarily in endurance activities.

Type II fibers

Muscle fibers that are used primarily for short bursts of power and speed.

Endurance training

Exercise designed to improve the ability to sustain prolonged physical activity.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins that can be used in metabolism under certain conditions.

Cardiorespiratory system

System responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration and exercise.

Lactate threshold

Point at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood, indicating increased exercise intensity.

Calcium ions

Ions that play a role in muscle contraction and enzyme activity during metabolism.

Fatigue

The decline in ability to maintain performance due to prolonged exercise.

Brown adipose tissue

Type of fat tissue that generates heat through metabolism.

White adipose tissue

Primarily storage fat; helps insulate and protect body organs.

Hydration status

The level of water content in the body; important for metabolic processes.

Nutritional status

The health of an individual as determined by diet and nutrient intake.

Endocrine system

System of glands that release hormones, influencing metabolism and body functions.

Glycogen depletion

Reduction of glycogen stores in muscles and liver, impacting performance.

VO2 max

Maximal oxygen uptake; an indicator of aerobic fitness.

Exercise-induced adaptation

Physiological changes that occur in response to consistent physical training.

Competitive athlete

An individual who participates in sports competitions at organized levels.

Chronic disease prevention

Strategies aimed at reducing the risk of long-term health conditions.