🌍 European Changes Crusades – Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land. Renaissance – A “rebirth” of learning, art, and sci

Crusades

Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.

Renaissance

A 'rebirth' of learning, art, and science in Europe.

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the printing press, making books cheaper and faster.

Martin Luther

German monk who protested the Catholic Church.

Reformation

Religious movement that split Christianity into Catholics and Protestants.

Norsemen/Vikings

Early explorers from Scandinavia who reached North America first.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored Portuguese exploration of Africa.

Reconquista

Spain kicking Muslims out of Spain.

Christopher Columbus

Sailed for Spain in 1492; reached the Americas.

Hernán Cortés

Conquered the Aztecs.

Aztecs

Powerful Native American empire in Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas.

Incas

Empire in South America (Peru area).

Ferdinand Magellan

Expedition first to sail around the world.

Peter Minuit

Bought Manhattan from Native Americans.

New Netherland

Dutch colony in North America (later New York).

Samuel de Champlain

Founded Quebec.

New France

French land in North America.

Beringia

Land bridge that connected Asia and North America.

Eastern Woodland Indians

Native groups living in eastern forests.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases between Old and New Worlds.

Spanish Armada

Spanish navy defeated by England.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England during the Armada.

Anglican Church

Church of England.

Enclosure Movement

Rich landowners fenced off land; poor farmers moved to cities.

Joint Stock Company

Company where people invest money for profit.

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful overthrow of England’s king in 1688.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Tried to start colonies.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Started Roanoke.

Roanoke Island

First English colony; disappeared.

Jamestown

First permanent English colony (1607).

Powhatan

Native American leader near Jamestown.

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in America (Virginia).

Headright System

Gave land to settlers who paid their way.

Indentured Servitude

Working 4–7 years to pay off travel.

American Paradox

Colonists wanted freedom but kept slavery.

Proprietary Colony

Colony owned by a person (not king).

Calvert Family

Founded Maryland.

William Bradford

Leader of Plymouth.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Major Puritan colony.

John Winthrop

'City upon a Hill' leader.

Puritans

Wanted to purify the Church of England.

Halfway Covenant

Let partial church membership.

Roger Williams

Believed in religious freedom.

Anne Hutchinson

Spoke against church leaders.

Pequot & King Philip’s War

Wars between colonists and Native Americans.

Restoration

King Charles II returns to throne.

Barbados Connection

Sugar/slavery influence on Carolina.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania.

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Religious group believing in equality.

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia.

Structure of Colonial Government

Governor, council, elected assembly.

Mercantilism

Colonies exist to make money for mother country.

Triangle Trade

Trade between Africa, Americas, Europe.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey of enslaved Africans to America.

Navigation Acts

Laws controlling colonial trade.

Salutary Neglect

Britain loosely enforced laws.

Eliza Lucas Pinckney

Made indigo a cash crop.

Scotch-Irish

Immigrants from Ireland.

Ethnic make-up

English, African, German, Dutch, etc.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in colonies.

George Whitefield

Famous Great Awakening preacher.

Enlightenment

Movement focusing on reason and science.

Iroquois

Powerful Native American confederacy.

Albany Plan of Union

Plan to unite colonies (failed).

French and Indian War / Seven Years’ War

Britain vs France in America.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Britain wins land from France.