🌍 European Changes Crusades – Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land. Renaissance – A “rebirth” of learning, art, and sci
🌍 European Changes
Crusades – Religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.
Renaissance – A “rebirth” of learning, art, and science in Europe.
Johann Gutenberg – Invented the printing press (made books cheaper and faster).
Martin Luther – German monk who protested the Catholic Church.
Reformation – Religious movement that split Christianity into Catholics and Protestants.
Norsemen/Vikings – Early explorers from Scandinavia who reached North America first.
Prince Henry the Navigator – Sponsored Portuguese exploration of Africa.
Reconquista – Spain kicking Muslims out of Spain.
🚢 Age of Exploration
Christopher Columbus – Sailed for Spain in 1492; reached the Americas.
Hernán Cortés – Conquered the Aztecs.
Aztecs – Powerful Native American empire in Mexico.
Francisco Pizarro – Conquered the Incas.
Incas – Empire in South America (Peru area).
Ferdinand Magellan – Expedition first to sail around the world.
Peter Minuit – Bought Manhattan from Native Americans.
New Netherland – Dutch colony in North America (later New York).
Samuel de Champlain – Founded Quebec.
New France – French land in North America.
Beringia – Land bridge that connected Asia and North America.
Eastern Woodland Indians – Native groups living in eastern forests.
Columbian Exchange – Exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases between Old and New Worlds.
Spanish Armada – Spanish navy defeated by England.
Elizabeth I – Queen of England during the Armada.
Anglican Church – Church of England.
Enclosure Movement – Rich landowners fenced off land; poor farmers moved to cities.
Joint Stock Company – Company where people invest money for profit.
Glorious Revolution – Peaceful overthrow of England’s king in 1688.
🏠 English Colonies
Sir Humphrey Gilbert – Tried to start colonies.
Sir Walter Raleigh – Started Roanoke.
Roanoke Island – First English colony; disappeared.
Jamestown – First permanent English colony (1607).
Powhatan – Native American leader near Jamestown.
House of Burgesses – First elected assembly in America (Virginia).
Headright System – Gave land to settlers who paid their way.
Indentured Servitude – Working 4–7 years to pay off travel.
American Paradox – Colonists wanted freedom but kept slavery.
Proprietary Colony – Colony owned by a person (not king).
Calvert Family – Founded Maryland.
William Bradford – Leader of Plymouth.
Massachusetts Bay Colony – Major Puritan colony.
John Winthrop – “City upon a Hill” leader.
Puritans – Wanted to purify the Church of England.
Halfway Covenant – Let partial church membership.
Roger Williams – Believed in religious freedom.
Anne Hutchinson – Spoke against church leaders.
Pequot & King Philip’s War – Wars between colonists and Native Americans.
🌎 Middle & Southern Colonies
Restoration – King Charles II returns to throne.
Barbados Connection – Sugar/slavery influence on Carolina.
William Penn – Founded Pennsylvania.
Society of Friends (Quakers) – Religious group believing in equality.
James Oglethorpe – Founded Georgia.
Structure of Colonial Government – Governor, council, elected assembly.
💰 Economy & Trade
Mercantilism – Colonies exist to make money for mother country.
Triangle Trade – Trade between Africa, Americas, Europe.
Middle Passage – Brutal journey of enslaved Africans to America.
Navigation Acts – Laws controlling colonial trade.
Salutary Neglect – Britain loosely enforced laws.
Eliza Lucas Pinckney – Made indigo a cash crop.
Scotch-Irish – Immigrants from Ireland.
Ethnic make-up – English, African, German, Dutch, etc.
🔥 Ideas & Wars
Great Awakening – Religious revival in colonies.
George Whitefield – Famous Great Awakening preacher.
Enlightenment – Movement focusing on reason and science.
Iroquois – Powerful Native American confederacy.
Albany Plan of Union – Plan to unite colonies (failed).
French and Indian War / Seven Years’ War – Britain vs France in America.
Treaty of Paris (1763) – Britain wins land from France.