APHG: Unit 2 Vocab

Population distribution

the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth

Population density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

Social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power and or ethnicity

Arithmetic population density

the most commonly used population density and is calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area

Physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

Arable land:

land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density:

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Infrastructure:

facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

Carrying Capacity:

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population pyramids

a tool used to study populations, also known as age-sex composition graph

Birth deficit

the slowdown of births on population pyramid graphs

Baby boom:

a spike in birth rate

Baby bust:

when a spike in birth rates starts to decline we enter this stage

Echo:

birth bulge on a pyramid

Dependent population:

people under the age of 15 or over the age of 64

Dependency ratio:

the comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population

Crude birth rate

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total fertility rate:

the average number of children who would be born per woman between the ages of 15-49

Life Expectancy

the average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate:

the number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude death rate:

the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

Rate of natural increase:

the percentage of which a country's population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

Population doubling time:

the amount of time it takes for a population to double

Demographic transition model:

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Stage 1:

high stationary stage, only a few isolated groups are in this stage and they are typically subsistence farmers or hunters and gathers

Stage 2:

Niger represents this stage with an expansive population pyramid, one with a high birth rate which produces a wide base and a low life expectancy which leads to narrowing in the upper years

Stage 3:

Turkey represents this urbanizing stage with a declining birth rate and a more slowly declining death rate. The society is young but the percentage of elderly is increasing as life expectancy goes up. The population is rapidly growing.

Stage 4

This stage is known as the stationary population pyramid. It indicates a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking. The birth rate is low but steady. The death rate is also low, indicating a high life expectancy.

Stage 5

This stage has a decreasing birth rate. The population is aging and declining slightly overall.

Demographic momentum:

the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Epidemiological transition model:

This model is an extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

(Stage 1) Diseases and famine:

Effects the population by resulting in a high death rate and low life expectancy.

(Stage 2) Receding pandemics:

Effects the population by resulting in a decreasing death rate and increasing life expectancy.

(Stage 3) Degenerative and human created diseases:

Examples are heart diseases and types of cancer, Effects the population by resulting in the death rate stabilizing at a low level and life expectancy increases

(Stage 4) Delayed degenerative diseases:

An extension of stage 3, examples are Alzheimer's and dementia, Effects the population by resulting in death rates reaching lowest levels and life expectancy peaking

(Stage 5) Reemergence of infectious parasitic diseases:

diseases increase as bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines, life expectancy decreases.

Malthusian theory:

an analysis between natural resource use, particularly agricultural output and the growing population that concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation

Overpopulation:

when the world's population grows faster than the food production and ultimately becomes unsupportable

Neo- malthusians:

a group that argued that population growth is a serious problem currently and has an even greater threat for the future

Boserup theory:

suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed. Also argued that population growth is a serious problem.

Antinatalist policies:

Government policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

Pronatalist policies:

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Migration:

the permanent or semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Push Factors:

the reasons that people migrate to a specific location, these are typically negative circumstances, events or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

Pull Factors:

once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances

Immigrant

A person who moves into a country

Emigrate:

when people migrate away from somewhere

Migration Transition Model:

created by Wilbur Zelinsky that argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding

Intervening Obstacles:

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

Intervening Opportunity

opportunities migrates might encounter en route that disrupt their original migration plan

Step Migration:

when migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

Counter migration:

when migration flows produce a movement in the opposite direction

Forced Migration:

migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move

Internally Displaced Persons

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to another part of the same country

Refugees:

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to across international borders

Asylum:

some political refugees apply for this when they arrive in their country of destination

Voluntary Migration

when people choose to relocate

Internal Migration:

movement of people within a country

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another or internationally, rather than internally

Chain Migration:

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled which ultimately contributes to this type of migration

Guest workers

Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers.

Transhumance:

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during difference seasons

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittance:

money sent to migrants family and friends in the country they left

Brain Drain:

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves:

neighborhoods filled primary with people of the same ethnic group