APHG: Unit 2 Vocab

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Population distribution

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67 Terms
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Population distribution

the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth

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Population density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

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Social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power and or ethnicity

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Arithmetic population density

the most commonly used population density and is calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area

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Physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

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Arable land:

land suitable for growing crops

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Agricultural population density:

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

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Infrastructure:

facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

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Carrying Capacity:

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

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Population pyramids

a tool used to study populations, also known as age-sex composition graph

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Birth deficit

the slowdown of births on population pyramid graphs

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Baby boom:

a spike in birth rate

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Baby bust:

when a spike in birth rates starts to decline we enter this stage

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Echo:

birth bulge on a pyramid

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Dependent population:

people under the age of 15 or over the age of 64

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Dependency ratio:

the comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population

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Crude birth rate

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

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Total fertility rate:

the average number of children who would be born per woman between the ages of 15-49

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Life Expectancy

the average number of years people live

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Infant Mortality Rate:

the number of children who die before their first birthday

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Crude death rate:

the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

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Rate of natural increase:

the percentage of which a country's population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

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Population doubling time:

the amount of time it takes for a population to double

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Demographic transition model:

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

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Stage 1:

high stationary stage, only a few isolated groups are in this stage and they are typically subsistence farmers or hunters and gathers

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Stage 2:

Niger represents this stage with an expansive population pyramid, one with a high birth rate which produces a wide base and a low life expectancy which leads to narrowing in the upper years

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Stage 3:

Turkey represents this urbanizing stage with a declining birth rate and a more slowly declining death rate. The society is young but the percentage of elderly is increasing as life expectancy goes up. The population is rapidly growing.

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Stage 4

This stage is known as the stationary population pyramid. It indicates a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking. The birth rate is low but steady. The death rate is also low, indicating a high life expectancy.

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Stage 5

This stage has a decreasing birth rate. The population is aging and declining slightly overall.

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Demographic momentum:

the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

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Epidemiological transition model:

This model is an extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

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(Stage 1) Diseases and famine:

Effects the population by resulting in a high death rate and low life expectancy.

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(Stage 2) Receding pandemics:

Effects the population by resulting in a decreasing death rate and increasing life expectancy.

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(Stage 3) Degenerative and human created diseases:

Examples are heart diseases and types of cancer, Effects the population by resulting in the death rate stabilizing at a low level and life expectancy increases

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(Stage 4) Delayed degenerative diseases:

An extension of stage 3, examples are Alzheimer's and dementia, Effects the population by resulting in death rates reaching lowest levels and life expectancy peaking

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(Stage 5) Reemergence of infectious parasitic diseases:

diseases increase as bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines, life expectancy decreases.

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Malthusian theory:

an analysis between natural resource use, particularly agricultural output and the growing population that concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation

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Overpopulation:

when the world's population grows faster than the food production and ultimately becomes unsupportable

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Neo- malthusians:

a group that argued that population growth is a serious problem currently and has an even greater threat for the future

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Boserup theory:

suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed. Also argued that population growth is a serious problem.

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Antinatalist policies:

Government policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

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Pronatalist policies:

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate

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Migration:

the permanent or semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another

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Push Factors:

the reasons that people migrate to a specific location, these are typically negative circumstances, events or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

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Pull Factors:

once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances

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Immigrant

A person who moves into a country

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Emigrate:

when people migrate away from somewhere

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Migration Transition Model:

created by Wilbur Zelinsky that argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding

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Intervening Obstacles:

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

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Intervening Opportunity

opportunities migrates might encounter en route that disrupt their original migration plan

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Step Migration:

when migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

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Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

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Counter migration:

when migration flows produce a movement in the opposite direction

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Forced Migration:

migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move

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Internally Displaced Persons

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to another part of the same country

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Refugees:

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to across international borders

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Asylum:

some political refugees apply for this when they arrive in their country of destination

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Voluntary Migration

when people choose to relocate

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Internal Migration:

movement of people within a country

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Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another or internationally, rather than internally

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Chain Migration:

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled which ultimately contributes to this type of migration

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Guest workers

Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers.

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Transhumance:

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during difference seasons

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Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

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Remittance:

money sent to migrants family and friends in the country they left

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Brain Drain:

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

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Ethnic Enclaves:

neighborhoods filled primary with people of the same ethnic group

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