History Review: Early Middle Ages to the Crusades

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the early Middle Ages, feudalism, the Crusades, and significant historical figures.

Battle of Tours

A significant battle in 732 where Charles Martel defeated the Muslims, solidifying his status as a Christian hero.

Pepin the Short

Son of Charles Martel, he became king after his father's death and was anointed by the pope.

Charlemagne

Ruler who built a large empire in Western Europe, known for spreading Christianity and reuniting Europe.

Treaty of Verdun

An agreement signed by Charlemagne's three grandsons, dividing his empire into three kingdoms.

Feudalism

A social system prevalent in the Middle Ages, characterized by the exchange of land for service.

Vassal

A person who pledged loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.

Fief

Land granted to a vassal by a lord in the feudal system.

Chivalry

The medieval code of knightly conduct that included ideals of bravery, honor, and protection of the weak.

Concordat of Worms

An agreement that resolved the conflict between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII regarding lay investiture.

Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Simony

The practice of selling church offices or roles.

Heresy

A belief or opinion that is contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.

Magna Carta

A foundational document signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English king and established certain legal rights.

Common Law

A unified body of law established in England that influenced legal systems in many English-speaking countries.

Model Parliament

A parliament established by Edward I that included knights and burgesses to help govern and check royal power.

Bubonic Plague

A deadly epidemic that killed a significant portion of Europe’s population in the 14th century.

Joan of Arc

A French heroine who led her army into battle and was later captured and executed by the English.