Unit 6 APUSH

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's progressive plan in the Election of 1912 aimed at antitrust reform, banking reform, and tariff reform.

Referendum

A direct decision-making process wherein citizens vote on specific proposals.

Australian Secret Ballot

A method of voting that protects voter privacy by allowing ballots to be cast anonymously.

Ray Stannard Baker

A journalist recognized for addressing labor rights and racial equality issues.

Closed Shop

A workplace condition where union membership and dues payment are mandatory for employment.

Terrence Powderly

An influential labor leader who served as the head of the Knights of Labor, advocating for workers' rights.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

A governing body that supervises large corporations to prevent deceptive practices.

Thomas Nast

A political illustrator known for unveiling the corruption of Tammany Hall.

Ida Tarbell

A pioneering investigative writer known for exposing the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil Company.

Tuskegee Institute

An educational establishment launched by Booker T. Washington in Alabama focused on vocational education for African Americans.

Clayton Antitrust Act

This pivotal piece of legislation not only exempted labor unions from antitrust scrutiny but also explicitly legalized workers' rights to strike, marking a significant shift in labor relations and protection.

Underwood Tariff

This groundbreaking law was instrumental in lowering tariffs to replace the previously established Payne-Aldrich Tariff and played a crucial role in the progression toward the 16th Amendment, which enabled federal income taxation.

Meat Inspection Act

This legislative act mandated strict government inspections of meatpacking facilities to ensure that the meat supplied to consumers met established safety and health standards.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A crucial piece of legislation that mandated the truthful labeling of food and drug products, aiming to protect consumers from false advertising and dangerous substances.

Initiative

This democratic process allows citizens to gather petitions for proposed legislation, enabling them to initiate the creation of new laws without waiting for legislative action.

Recall

This political mechanism permits voters to remove elected officials from office before the end of their term through a petition process, enhancing electoral accountability.

Vertical Integration

A strategic business model where a company consolidates control over every stage of production, from the acquisition of raw materials to the final distribution of the finished products.

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy where a company seeks to increase its market power by merging with or acquiring its competitors, thus creating a monopoly in a particular industry.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A historic legal framework designed to combat monopolistic practices and promote fair competition in the marketplace by prohibiting businesses from engaging in anti-competitive behavior.

Hepburn Act

This important legislation extended the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate maximum rates charged by railroads, thus enhancing federal oversight of the rail industry.

Elkins Act

A significant law that empowered the ICC by outlawing rebates and other discriminatory pricing practices in the railroad industry, ensuring fairer pricing for all customers.

Social Darwinism

An ideology that applied Darwinian principles of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that the affluent and powerful are naturally superior in economic and social contexts.

Social Gospel

A reform movement within Christianity that emphasizes the need for social reform and justice, advocating for addressing societal issues such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.

Eugene V. Debs

A prominent American socialist leader and labor organizer who played a critical role in advocating for workers' rights and the establishment of labor unions.

Pendleton Act

This legislation was pivotal in establishing a merit-based system for hiring federal employees, thereby reducing political patronage and promoting professionalism in the civil service.

Ida B. Wells

An influential African American journalist and activist known for her fearless investigative work against lynching and her broader advocacy for civil rights and social justice.

Jacob Riis

A noted photographer and journalist whose work, particularly in 'How the Other Half Lives', highlighted the dire living conditions of the urban poor, prompting social reform.

Boss Tweed

The notorious leader of Tammany Hall, who was convicted for his involvement in corrupt practices that misappropriated taxpayer funds, emblematic of the era's political corruption.

Henry D. Lloyd

A progressive author and critic recognized for his influential work 'Wealth Against Commonwealth', which challenged the monopolistic practices of corporations and advocated for economic reform.

Upton Sinclair

An American author and journalist known for his groundbreaking novel 'The Jungle', which revealed the appalling conditions of the meatpacking industry, leading to significant food safety reforms.

Lincoln Steffens

A muckraking journalist famed for his series 'The Shame of the Cities', which exposed corruption in urban governments and stimulated public demand for reform.

David Phillips

An investigative journalist and muckraker renowned for his series 'The Treason of the Senate', which shed light on the corrupting influence of corporate interests in the U.S. Senate.

Homestead Strike

A major labor conflict that erupted in 1892 at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania, sparked by wage cuts and resulting in a violent confrontation between workers and private security forces.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike that began in 1894 as a protest against wage reductions and exorbitant rents in company-owned housing, ultimately leading to federal intervention.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A significant nationwide labor uprising initiated in response to wage cuts and poor working conditions, marked by widespread unrest and government action to restore order.

Open Shop

A workplace arrangement where employees are not compelled to join a union or pay union dues as a condition of their employment, often favored by employers to limit union power.

Yellow Dog Contract

An agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees to refrain from joining any labor union, commonly used as a means to deter union activity.

Samuel Gompers

A leading labor organizer and the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), known for his emphasis on collective bargaining for better wages and working conditions for workers.

Booker T. Washington

An influential African American educator who founded the Tuskegee Institute, advocating for vocational education as a pathway for African Americans to gain economic and social empowerment.

W.E.B. DuBois

An eminent African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights leader recognized for his co-founding of the NAACP and his advocacy for immediate and comprehensive racial equality.

Talented Tenth

A concept introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois, advocating for the education and advancement of the top 10% of the African American population to uplift the entire community.

Compromise of 1877

A politically significant agreement that resolved the contested 1876 presidential election and resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Scientific Management

A management theory that analyzes workflows and processes with the objective of enhancing efficiency and productivity through systematic studies and standardized procedures.

Antiquities Act

set aside 230 million acres of land that could not be developed by big business (National Parks)

Big Stick Policy

Diplomatic policy developed by Roosevelt where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary

Federal Reserve System

• created by the Federal Reserve Act

  •  12 banks only for banks that helped to support those banks

  • Has the ability to strengthen or weaken the US dollar by putting money in and taking money out of circulation

  • Created because banks in the North East were failing and there was no way to get money to them