Unit 6 APUSH
Purpose of “New Freedom” (Wilson’s progressive plan in the Election of 1912)
Trusts: created the Clayton Antitrust Act
Exempted unions from antitrust regulation
Legalized workers’ right to strike
Replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): watched over all big businesses
Tariff: Underwood Tariff
Lower tariff to replace Payne-Aldrich Tariff (from Taft’s time as president)
Made less money for the government, led to the creation of the 16th Amendment which made them more money than the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Banks: Federal Reserve System created by the Federal Reserve Act
12 banks only for banks that helped to support those banks
Has the ability to strengthen or weaken the US dollar by putting money in and taking money out of circulation
Created because banks in the North East were failing and there was no way to get money to them
Upton Sinclair
Wrote “The Jungle” about Lithuanian immigrants working in horrible conditions in the meatpacking industry
Exposed rats, human limbs, and whole humans were falling into vats of meat and being sold around the country, workers had TB and were still working
Meat Inspection Act (government inspectors went to meat factories), Pure Food and Drug Act (companies had to have truthful labels on food and drugs\
Dr. Wiley and his poison squad also inspired the PFDA
Thomas Nast
Political cartoonist (drew cartoons because most people could not read)
Exposed the corruption of Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed
Political machines made sure that immigrants had food, jobs, homes, medical care, money for coals, etc., and donated to churches/synagogues, hospitals, orphanages, and charities in return for political support (votes)
Boss Tweed was eventually convicted of stealing tax-payer dollars
Roosevelt stripped Tammany Hall of federal patronage, Boss Tweed was arrested, city governments changed (initiative, referendum, recall, Australian secret ballot)
Initiative: citizens can make petitions to initiate a new law
Referendum: citizens vote on a yes or no questions (by state)
Ex: gay marriage, weed
Gave citizens for democratic power
Recall: if enough people sign a petition, a corrupt political figure can be taken out of office (recalled) and reelected
Australian Secret Ballot: allowed voted to vote in private (no intimidation)
Henry D. Lloyd
Journalist who wrote “Wealth Against Commonwealth”
Exposed the monopolistic abuses of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
US government sued Standard Oil under the Sherman Antitrust Act for restricting trade, and forced the company to break into 34 smaller parts
Jacob Riis
Journalist/photographer who published “How the Other Half Lives”
Documented the impoverished living conditions in NYC slums
1901 Tenement House Act created new regulations for tenement construction, sanitation, lighting, water, ventilation, and fire escapes
Ida Tarbell
Female writer who wrote “The History of the Standard Oil Company”
Researched and revealed Rockefeller’s illegal means of monopolizing the early oil industry (ex: horizontal integration)
Led to the supreme court decision to break Standard Oil in 34 smaller companies in 1911 (sued because they violated the Sherman Antitrust Act)
Lincoln Steffens
Investigative journalist who wrote “The Shame of the Cities”
Investigated the corrupt relationship between big business and city governments
Not really sure, initiative, referendum, recall, asb?
David Phillips
Novelist and journalist who wrote “The Treason of the Senate”
Exposed campaign contributors being rewarded by certain members of the US senate
75/90 of the senators were paid of by big business
Senators were appointed by a small group of state politicians aka big business owners
Led to the creation of the 17th Amendment, which allows for the direct election of US senators
Ray Stannard Baker
Write journalist, and historian who wrote “Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy”
Examined America’s racial divide, also talked about lyching
Nothing?
Ida B. Wells
Female African American writer who wrote newspaper reports
Exposed terrifying lynching statistics and practices; also fought for female sufferage
Contributed to the passage of the Illinios Equal Sufferage Act; attempted to get McKinley (the guy shot before Roosevelt) t make anti-lynching reforms
Horizontal Integration
Most notably utilized by John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
Company merges with competitors
Often used price cuts to run competition out of business
Vertical Integration
Most notably utilized by Andrew Carnegie’s Carnegie Steel
Company owns the entire supply chain
Ex: Carnegie owned the coal mines, iron mines, railroads for transporting raw materials, the steel mills, and the marketing of the steel)
Advantages given to Railroad Companies in the early years of the Gilded Age
Land grants
Government subsidized the railroad (paid for the railroad to be built)
(this is how the railroad companies got to be so powerful)
Hepburn Act: Expanded the ICC’s power to set maximum railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction (controlled railroads)
Elkins Act: strengthened the ICC’s ability to regulate railroads, illegalized rebates (controlled railroads)
Trust Busting: Roosevelt broke up “bad trusts” aka ones that were harmful to consumers, Taft broke up all trusts that violated the Sherman Antitrust Act
1902 Coal Strike: coal mine workers went on strike and mine operators refused to negotiate with them. Winter was nearing, so Roosevelt threatened to nationalize the coal industry (soldiers would mine coal and business owners would get no money). Management ended up negotiating with workers
US vs Northern Securities: landmark supreme court case that upheld Roosevelt’s trust-busting efforts by dissolving JP Morgan’s North Securities Company
Consumer Protection
Pure Food and Drug Act: companies had to have truthful labels on food and drugs
Meat Inspection Act: government inspectors went to meat factories
Conservation
Antiquities Act: set aside 230 million acres of land that could not be developed by big business (National Parks)
(different from preservation (no land will be developed))
Settlement Houses: organizations that provided support services to urban poor and European immigrants
Ex: education healthcare, employment resources
Tenement Houses (Dumbbell Tenements): slums in the city where new waves of immigrants would live because it was the only place they could afford
Initiative: citizens can make petitions to initiate a new law
Referendum: citizens vote on a yes or no questions (by state)
Ex: gay marriage, weed
Gave citizens for democratic power
Recall: if enough people sign a petition, a corrupt political figure can be taken out of office (recalled) and reelected
Australian Secret Ballot: allowed voted to vote in private (no intimidation)
Pendleton Act established a merit-based system for hiring federal employees when political machines were hiring people who were loyal to them
Scientific management placed scientific experts in their fields in positions of power in city management when political machines were just hiring people who were loyal to them
Made things a little better because the people in charge actually knew what they were doing
Carnegie dominated the steel industry/ He owned every aspect of the industry in a process called vertical integration.
Rockefeller was the oil industry. His method was horizontal integration where he drove his opponents out of business and bought them out.
JP Morgan used interlocking directorates where he placed people loyal to him in positions of power. He was the leading banker.
Interstate Commerce Act - First attempt to regulate business. Created the ICC to oversee the railroads
Sherman Antitrust Act - Made it illegal for businesses to interrupt trade corruption
Hepburn Act - Jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission and gave it the power to set maximum railroad rates (controlled railroad industry)
Elkins Act - Made it illegal for railroads to offer rebates (controlled railroad industry)
The Compromise of 1877 took troops out of the South, ending reconstruction. This is because of an agreement due to the election of 1876. Hayes (Republican) and Tilden (Democrat).
The South made Jim Crow Laws which affected African Americans and their voting ability. This happened after Plessy v Ferguson, said that you can separated by race.
Grandfather Law - Could only vote if your grandfather could in 1860.
Poll taxes - had to pay to vote
Literacy tests - extremely hard tests to vote
General intimidation - KKK
Booker T. Washington vs. WEB Dubois
Washington
Need to achieve economic independence from whites. Need an agricultural or industrial education. Was an ex-slave. Understood what African Americans could do with their skills at the time. Gradualist - Overtime. Not a good name - accommodationist.
Opened Tuskegee Institute which was a school for African American to get agriculturally/industrially educated
WEB Dubois
From the North, never a slave, well educated (Harvard). I Think it needs to happen immediately (Imedicay).
Talented 10th - Ten percent of African Americans can do what whites can
NAACP - Founding member, group which advocates for the rights of african americans.
Unionization movement
Growth of cities
Had to creat police and sanitation due to influx
City had to provide even though corruption ran rampant.
Machinery took jobs of farmers
Farmers moved to cities
Eugene V. Debs - Industrial workers of the world: the first major labor organization, promoting social reforms and uniting diverse workers. - Socialist
Samuel Gompers - American Federation of Labor: focused on skilled labor and securing practical, immediate gains for workers.
Terrence Powderly - Knights of labor: advocated for uniting all workers in a radical movement to overthrow capitalism.
Open Shop - A company who could hire whoever they wanted, so they usually hired people who were not in a union. There were more workers than jobs, so workers were less valuable and were paid less
Closed Shop- (Government was involved in this agreement) A workplace agreement that refers to the practice of allowing only members of unions to work in the company. There were more jobs than workers, so the workers had the advantage and had to incentivize people to work for them
Yellow Dog Contract - An agreement an employee was forced to sign before employment where they promised to not join a labor union
Homestead Strike/ Pullman Strike/ Great RR Strike
Homestead Strike - Violent uprising on labor unrest. A group called the pinkertons was hired by Carnegie to put it down. The village resisted the pinkertons and had to be stopped by the US federal army
Pullman Strike - Made luxury rail cars and owned a company tow. If you worked in the factory you needed to live in the company town. People were born there, got their clothes there, everything there. At some point, he cut the salaries but not the prices, sending the people into an uproar and they went on strike. Army was called in to put it down. Justified by the Sherman Antitrust Act because the government attached mail cars to his rail cars and the workers were stopping interstate commerce by striking.
Great RR Strike - A strike suppressed by federal troops (because of manipulation of sherman antitrust act) which was against wage cuts. It was violent. They had no protection and stood no chance. It was the first big strike that spanned multiple states.
Improvements to the Railroad
stronger/more efficient trains
Faster transportation
Allowed for the creation of time zones
Something about same wheel size
Social Darwinism - The belief that the wealthy and powerful are naturally superior in human political and economic struggle
Social Gospel - Protestant christian reform movement that emphasized the need to work towards a more just society by addressing issues like child labor, poverty, etc.
Socialism
Government controls some major aspects of life in the country (transport, rr, schools, healthcare)
Ex: transportation, railroads, school, healthcare
There are some aspects that the government does not control
Progressivism is close to this
Government steps in and is more active than they were before (in a flat out capitalists economy)
Eugene V. Debs was the leading socialist in the country at the time
He got almost a million votes when he ran from jail
Shows how the country was very progressive and wanted change
Communism
Government controls all aspects of economy
What is made
How much is made
What it costs
Ex: Russia
Capitalism
Consumers controls all aspects of economy
What is made
How much is made
What it costs