COLD WAR

Tehran conference

1943

• UN is pitched for the first time

• USA and Britain agree to a second front by invading Nazi occupied Europe

• Poland agreed to be moved Westwards; losing territory to the USSR and gaining territory from Germany

• USA, Britain and France: FDR, Churchill, Stalin

Lenin

• follows Marxism, leads to October revolution in 1924

• March on winter palace

• Dies in 1924

Stalins ideas

• rapid industrialisation

• Collective agriculture

• Bolshevik party (used robbery)

• 5 year plans

• Gulags

• People worship him

Red scare

Public panic over perceived threat of communism

Domino theory

If one country ‘falls to communism’ others will join

Yalta Conference

1945

• Germany divided into 4 zones and pay reparations

• USSR promises to keep free election in Poland

• Half of German reparations payed to USSR

• UN set up

  same leaders as Tehran

Potsdam Conference

1945

• no evidence of promised free elections in Europe

• Communist government being set up in Poland

• Arguments over reparations and zone boundaries

• Truman and Atlee new leaders

• Truman and Stalin break USSR and USA good relations (hate each other) by using nuclear threats

Long telegram 1946

US embassy official in Moscow say USSR wants to spread communism and must be contained

Novikov telegram

1946

Soviet ambassador in US says that USA is bent on world domination and ‘dollar imperialism’. USSR must secure a ‘buffer zone’

Iron Curtain Speech

1946

Winston Churchill speaking in USA. Names the East-West divide in Europe the ‘iron curtain’ and criticised soviet dictatorship

• Stalin accuses of war mongering

Truman Doctrine

1947

• Idea of containment of communism

Marshal plan

1947

• financial and military aid offered to European countries to stop them turning communism and rebuild after the war

• 17 European countries (satellite states were forbidden)

• £13 billion

Com-inform

1947

• all satellite states took orders from Moscow

• Information completely under USSR control

Com-econ

1949

• financial aid to satellite states

• Trade ONLY between communist countries

Salami approach

Stalins approach to the satellite states

• Gave power to communist party

• Take over gov

• Forced out/ executed opponents

• Outlawed opposition

Satellite states

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Romania

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Albania

Hungary

East Germany

Berlin Blockade lead up

1948

• USA, Britain and France introduce a stronger currency without Stalin in their zones in Germany (Deutsche Mark)

• germanys economy is split

• Trizonia officially created- western Germany

Berlin airlift

1949

• US and British planes worked together

• Lasted 11 months and lifted 10,000 tonnes each day

• Food, fuel, energy and power

• Increased support for the west

NATO

1949

• If a country in the alliance was attacked, all other counties must come to its defence

• 12 countries

MAD

Mutually assured destruction

The world will be destroyed if it entered nuclear war

Russian atomic bomb

1949

• USA no longer has nuclear monopoly

• Mad is now a possibility

Korean War

1950-1953

• 16 nations helped South Korea

• American general wanted to nuke China

• Military power in Korea increases tensions

• Capitalist south v communist north

• Proxy war

Brinkmanship

Pushing disagreements to the point were there is a risk of war

Vietnamese war

Viet Cong- south

Vietminh- north

• USA assassinated communist leader

• My lai massacre- crimes against humanity, hid from the world

Warsaw Pact

1955

• Counterweight to NATO

• Military and political protection for satellite states

Hungarian uprising

1956

• Hungary was ruled by Rakosi under Stalin

• Hungarians were exited by Khrushchevs plan of de-stalinisation

• Poor harvest, censorship, and forced to learn Russian. Exacerbated by Comecon

• Riots broke out

• Imre Nagy appointed as prime minister (liberal communist)

• Nagy sided with protestors - wanted to introduce: free elections, free speech, legal system, independence from Warsaw pact.

• Khrushchev refused to back down this would encourage other satellite states and leave a hole in the buffer zone

• Sent 6000 tanks, killed 2000 Hungarians

• Nagy executed, Kadar reenforces soviet rule

Berlin ultimatum

1958

• 1949-1951= 2.7 million East Germans migrate to West Germany (causing a brain drain)

• Propaganda defeat for USSR

• Khrushchev demanding western powers to withdraw from West Berlin

• Resulted in peace summits

• Berlin becomes demilitarised

4 summits acronym

G- good

C- communication

P- proves

V- vital

Geneva conference

1955

• discussions on disarmament

• No decision was reached

Camp David summit

1959

• Eisenhower an Khrushchev

• Very positive relations

• No agreements reached

Paris summit

1960

• U2 plane shot down over USSR

• Khrushchev demands an apology from Eisenhower

• Krushchev walks out

• Very bad relations

Vienna summit

1961

• Kennedy and Krushchev

• Tensions from ultimatum and Cuba

• Bad relations

Berlin Wall

1961

• Kennedy refused Berlin ultimatum

• Barbed wire fence

• No resistance

• Checkpoint Charlie stays open

• Propaganda victory for USSR

• Escape stories spread

• Kennedys ‘ I am a Berliner’ speech

Cuban revolution

1959

• socialist Fidel Castro hated America and its communist leadership in Cuba

• He throws a revolution and expelled them

Bay of pigs

1961

• Kennedy was embarrased

• CIA trained 1,400 Cuban exiles

• Castro already knew of the plan and organised 20,000 men to meet them as they landed.

• USA claimed they had nothing to do with it

• Propaganda victory for USSR

Trade embargo in Cuba

1961

• USA prevented all imports or exports from Cuba, as an attempt to damage their economy

• As a result, Cuba trades sugar and cigars with Khrushchev

Cuban missile crisis

1962

• 16th October- U2 spy plane captured pictures of USSR building a nuclear base in Cuba

• 22nd October- Kennedy imposed a naval blockade around Cuba

• 23rd October- USSR claims they will break through the blockade

• 24th October- nuclear weapons are threatened

• 27th October- spy plane shot down over Cuba, US wants to retaliate

• 28th October- USA removes missiles in turkey and USSR removes missiles in Cuba

Why did Cuba want to store missiles in Cuba?

• Cuba is 100 miles from USA, USSR could fire missiles and not give them enough time to respond

• USA had missile sites in Turkey and Italy ( close to satellite states

• Protect Cuban government

• To show the world their strength

Effects of Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1963- Direct hotline between Moscow and USA

• 1963- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

• 1967- Outer Space Treaty

• 1968- Nuclear non- proliferation treaty (disarmament)

• Krushchev forced to resign

Prague spring

1968

• Jan palach self immolated as an act of protest against Soviet control in Czechia

• Brezhnev refused to put down the demonstrations

• Alexander Dubček came to power and introduced ‘socialism with a human face’

• Free speech, travel, free media, free elections

• Brezhnev had to act and sent 200,000 Warsaw pact troops and arrested Dubček

Impacts of Prague spring

• mass emigration to western Germany

• Brezhnev doctrine (communist countries are all responsible for each other and resisting capitalism. Run by USSR, any country who threatens Easter bloc will be invaded

• Yugoslavia and Romania condemned the invasion

SALT 1 and SALT 2

1972-1979

Strategic arms limitation treaty, nuclear warfare limits

Helsinki accords

1975

• most European countries, USSR,USA and Canada

• Agreements on borders and disputes to be settled without military action

Detente

A period of peace between two previously hostile groups

• spend less money

• Have more time to focus of domestic probs

• Soviet tries to develop its economy and living standards

• USA focus’s on Vietnam war

Invasion of Afghanistan

1979

• politician assassinated communist leader

• Entered talks with USA

• USSR invaded in December to prevent American control and installed a communist leader

• Brezhnev believed carter wouldn’t object

• USA was worried about its oil assets in the Persian golf

• USA pulled out of SALT 2 and the arms race continued

• USA pulled out of 1980 olympics

Mujahideen

Muslim soldiers that are fighting to spread the word and control of Islam. Eg. Al kayeeda, taliban, Isis

Carter doctrine

Economic sanction, is the USSR tried to controll the Persian golf, America will protect its oil interests

• America and allies provide secret military support to the Mujahideen

Ronald Reagan

1980

• nationalist capitalist republican Christian

• Called the USSR ‘evil empire’

• Wanted to roll back communism not contain it

SDI

1983

• strategic defence initiative

• Laser satellites in earths orbit

• Not realistic however was still announced

• Broke the outer space treaty

• ‘Star wars’

Gorbachev

1985

• concerned about the USSRs low productivity, poor work ethic

• Committed communist

• Good relations with Reagan

• Reduced arms

Gorbachev solutions

Glasmos- openness about communist government

Perestroika- reform of economy to be more capitalist, pulls out of Afghanistan

America Atomic bomb

1945

• used to intimidate the ussr

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki shocked the world

Chernobyl disaster

1986

• Nuclear reactor explosion, resulted in major fallout

• Gorbachev organised a cover-up from the public

• May said the disaster exemplified what was wrong with the USSR

Sinatra doctrine

1988

• ‘My way’

• Satellite states could chose their own ideals and freedoms

Fall of Berlin Wall

1989

• Border crossing is free and legal

Liberation acronym

H-help

P-eople

E-scape G- grief

C-caused by

R-Russian

B-ears

Hungary liberation

• gov takes down fence on Austria border. Free elections are held

Poland liberation

• trade union is legalised

• Free elections

East Germany liberation

• Berlin Wall pulled down, end of iron curtain

Czechoslovakian liberation

• velvet revolution peaceful

• Anti communist leader elected

Romania liberation

• Short, bloody revolution, leader and wife are killed

Bulgaria liberation

• leader resigns on live TV

• Free elections

Collapse of Soviet Union

• Gorbachev allows free election

• Failed coup diminishes his power

• Democratic forces take over and Gorbachev resigns

• Ukraine and Belarus declare independence