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learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 263)
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).(Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 264)
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 264)
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 266)
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 6
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning
acquisition
in classical conditioning
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 269)
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance
generalization
the tendency
discrimination
(1) in classical conditioning
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 275)
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research
reinforcement
in operant conditioning
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 276)
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 278)
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 279)
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 279)
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 279)
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 281)
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 289)
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 297)
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 297
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 297)
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 298)
coping
alleviating stress using emotional
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 298)
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 298)
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 299)
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 300)
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 300)
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 301)
observational learning
learning by observing others. (Also called social learning.) (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 304)
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 304)
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 304)
prosocial behavior
positive