English Language- phonetics

Consonants - Functional

consonants tend to occur at the margin of syllables

consonants - structural

Consonants are generally produced with greater constriction within the vocal tract. There is an interrupted air flow

voicing

state of the larynx

place of articulation

describes the location of the obstruction or constriction

manner of articulation

describes the type of constriction and the passage of airflow

voiced

using your vocal chords

voiceless

not using your vocal chords

voiced consonants

/b, d, g, v,  z, m, n, l, r, w, j, ð, dʒ, ŋ, ʒ/ 

bilabial

both lips are involved in the articulation (/p, b, m/)

labiodental

the lower lip and upper front teeth (/f, v/)

dental

the tip or blade of the tongue and the upper front teeth (/θ, ð/)

alveolar

the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge (/t, d, n, s, z, l, r/)

post - alveolar

the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge (/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/\)

palatal

the front of the tongue and the hard palate (/j/)

velar

the back of the tongue and the velum(soft palate) (/k, g, ŋ/)

glottal

vocal folds - glottal constriction (/h, ʔ/)

manner of articulation

the type of interaction which occurs between the articulators and how that interaction affects the air flow

stop/plosive

A complete obstruction/occlusion of the air flow (/p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ/)

fricative

A constriction of the air flow but air is allowed to flow through a narrow space (/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/)

affricate

begins like a stop, but releases into a fricative (/ʧ, ʤ/)

approximant

an open vocal tract (/w, j, r/)

nasal

when the air flows out the nose (/m, n, ŋ/)

lateral

Whether the air flows along a central path or whether it is diverted around the sides of the tongue (/l/)

How are vowel phonemes classified ?

vowel length, tongue height, where the tongue comes closest to the roof of the mouth, lip rounding

/ɪ/ - bit, silly

short vowel

/e/ - bet, head

short vowel

/æ/ - cat, dad

short vowel

/ɒ/ - dog, rotten

short vowel

/ʌ/ - cut, nut

short vowel

/ʊ/ - put, soot

short vowel

/ə/ - about, clever

short vowel

/i:/ - key, seen

long vowel

/ɜː/ - cur, firm

long vowel

/ɑː/ - car, far

long vowel

/ɔː/ - corn, core

long vowel

/uː/ - coo, glue

long vowel

dipthongs

begin in one position and then move to another

/aɪ/ - spice, pie

dipthong

/eɪ/ - wait, fate

dipthong

/ɔɪ/ - toy, joy

dipthong

/əʊ/ - oats, note

dipthong

/aʊ/ - clown, vow

dipthong

/ʊə/ - bored, poor

dipthong

/ɪə/ - deer, pier

dipthong

/eə/ - hair, bear

dipthong

/æ/

open vowel

/ɒ/

open vowel

/i:/

close vowel

/e/

close vowel

/ə/

central vowel

/ɪ/

front vowel

/u:/

back vowel

/ʊ/

rounded vowels

/ʌ/

unrounded vowels