Studied by 3 people
Which soil layer has the most dead leaves and sticks?
Name the layers from surface to deepest -A soil _____ shows various soil ____ or layers
True or False, Nutrient rich soil is usually lighter in color
O Horizon
O, A, B, C
profile, horizons
False, it is darker
What are the 5 things that soil contains? -What is the permeability and porosity of clay? Sand? -What is leaching?
Soil that is high in _____ is more prone to water logging
-nutrients, particles of rock, water, organic matter, and air pockets -Clay: low per, high poro; Sand: high per, low poro
carries dissolved nutrients/ pollutants down through soil layers -Clay
name the three soil particles from smallest to largest -What is the perfect type of soil and what is the percentage of the particles?
What is humus? -What is a benefit of planting legumes in farming techniques such as crop rotation?
clay, silt, sand -Loam: 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay -decomposing dead organic matter in the soil -They add nitrate to the soil
-What is the difference between inorganic and organic fertilizer in their benefits? -Name 4 benefits of conservation tillage
What is strip cropping -What is terracing
-inorganic: easy to story and apply, does not have an offensive odor; organic: does not need to be applied frequently and contains micronutrients and has offensive odor -protects the soil from wind erosion, reduces the need for added soil nutrients, retains soil moisture, and saves energy by leaving the previous crop debris covering the soil
alternating rows of crops with legumes -cutting stairs into the hillside to grow crops on
-what is contour farming -what is crop rotation -what is gully reclamation -what is wind breaks
-growing crops in rows that are perpendicular to slope of hill -alternating growing fields of crops with legumes every other year -growing native grasses on area that has been significantly eroded by water -row of trees used around a field
-which of the following would help to reduce erosions on hillsides?: contour farming, terracing, and/or till farming -which of the following techniques helps to reduce the rate of erosion?: contour farming, terracing, crop rotation, till farming, and/or conservation tillage -Give an example of a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and a detrivore -What do the arrows determine the direction of?
-contour and terracing -contour farming, terracing, conservation tillage, and crop rotation -plant, herbivores, carnivores, and scavengers
direction of the energy flow
-Define the trophic levels from top to bottom -Define who has the most to least energy -What kind of trophs are plants and animals? -As energy is moved up, it is lost as...
-tertiary, secondary, primary, producer
producers, primary, secondary, tertiary -plants: autotrophs, cows: heterotrophs -heat
-Which nuclear item generates electricity?
what is the equation for NPP? -What does NPP stand for? What does it mean?
What does GPP stand for? What does it mean?
fission
NPP= GPP-R -Net primary production- the amount of energy that is left over for the plant since it is the total amount of energy it produces - the amount it loses due to respiration -Gross Primary Production- the amount of chemical energy a producer makes
What does respiration mean?
What is the 10% rule -Where does the sun's energy primarily come from? -Why are tropical rainforests very productive?
-the oxygen that is given out by plants + lost of energy -As you increase through the trophic levels, the units of energy decreases by 10% -fusion -have lots of sunlight, stable year-round climate, plenty of rain
-What is conservation tillage -What are its benefits -What happens when the water is slowed down in terracing -What happens when you do not add humus to soil? This leads to what
-to disturb the soil as little possible to keep the surface soil as long as possible -costs savings, energy savings, reduces erosion, saves fuel, holds water, avoids compaction, allow more crops to be grown, increases yield -when water is slowed down, erosion also slows down -there is less water and air holding ability, this leads to compaction
-What is alley cropping? How does it slow down erosion? -How many nutrients do inorganic fertilizers give? -Do inorganic fertilizers require a little or a lot of energy -What is a gas that is not a greenhouse gas?
-planting crops between rows of trees and trees block the wind -3 of 20 -a lot in order to produce which leads to fossil fuels
N2 (H2O is a greenhouse gas)
-What is green manure-compost -Does soil produce quickly? How produced? -What is the O, A, B, C Horizons -What does texture mean by soil
-nutrients that aerates soil, improves water retention, and recycles the nutrients -No by 200-1000 years and it is by the weathering of rocks, decomposition of organic matter -O: surface layer, A: top soil made of inorganic particles, B: subsoil which is mainly broken down rock, C: parental material aka bedrock -the amount of that soil particle
-What is chemosynthesis -Define the difference between scavengers, decomposers, and detritus feeders? -What is the difference between a food web and a food chain -What sustains life on earth
-where energy is stored in chemical energy to make food -All eat dead organisms but scavengers are the larger animals like vultures, decomposers are the bacteria that break down items or fungi, and detritus are in the middle such as beetles and worms
food chain goes one way while a food web connects food chains all together -solar energy
-what are the three things that solar energy does when it reaches the earth -how much of solar energy heats up the atmosphere and makes photosynthesis -Describe the greenhouse effect -which layer of atmospsphere is ozone good in and why
evaps h2o and recycles it, generates wind by warm air going up and cool air going down, and supports plant growth through photosynthesis -42% and less than 1% -light reaches the earth and converts into heat which has a hard time passing through the gasses within the atmosphere which causes it to be trapped -stratosphere bc it blocks out UV radiation
-Which layer atmosphere is ozone not good for and why -what are the levels of the trophic levels -What is Biomass -what does more biomass mean
-troposphere bc humans live in that one and it damages human lungs and causes asthma
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers
organic matter that is produced by producers + the total dry weight of organic matter in plants and animals such as dead grass -more energy within the area
-what is sheet in soil erosion. how does this happen -What is a rill -What is a gully -how much of the land is lost by soil erosion
-where the top layer of the soil is taken off usually when water comes by -where fast flowing water cuts small rivulets (small streams) into the soil and takes the particles away (leaching), is steep -where rivulets join together to become wider and deeper and take even more nutrients with them, is also steeper -15%
-What is desertification Examples? -What is salinization -What is water logging -what are the 4 spheres of the earth itself
-turning furtive soil into less furtive by 10% loss deforestation, compactions, poor farming and irrigation techniques -where water evaps and salt is left behind which causes the plants to die so place new water often -where particles in soil is so compact that permeability is low and the water is unable to infiltrate the top of the soil and drowns the plants -lithosphere (rock), Hydrosphere(water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere( life)
-What are biomes -ecotones? -ecosystems -communities
-large regions characterized by a climate or adapted vegetation -blending between biomes near boundaries -the biotic and abiotic factors in a particular place (animals and plants) -all interacting organisms in that area
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Flashcard (143)