apush period 3 and 4 key terms

French and Indian War

aka Seven Years War; war from 1754-1763 and ended with defeat of French -> led to the American Revolution

Pontiac's Rebellion

Indian uprising led by Pontiac and Neolin to attempt to drive out British soldiers/settlers

Proclamation Line of 1763

designed to protect Indian tribes by setting a boundary at peaks of the Appalachian Mountains beyond which no western white settlement was to take place

Paxton Boys/Hickory Boys

frontier vigilantes who attacked Delaware village, killing many Indians and began a march to continue their attack to Philadelphia

Loyalists

Americans who remained loyoal to Great Britain and who opposed the American Revolution

Republicanism

changing body of ideas that held that self-government by citizens of a country provided more reliable foundation for good society and individual freedom than rule by kings

Impressment

British policy of forcibly enlisting sailors into British navy against their will

Sons of Liberty

secret organizations in colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act (think Samuel Adams)

"no taxation without representation"

phrase became rallying cry among colonists who protested new British taxes that were imposed by Parliament even though British NA colonies had no representation in Parliament

Boston Massacre

British troops fire on American civilians throwing projectiles at them killing five and stirring hatred toward British army

Daughters of Liberty

women's response to Sons of Liberty by opposing British measures, avoiding British taxed tea, spinning own yarn, weaving own cloth

First Continental Congress

Meeting of delegates from most colonies held in Philadelphia in response to British efforts to tax colonies

Somerset decision

1772 ruling by Britain Lord Chief Justice, in case of James Somerset that set him free and essentially declared slavery illegal in England though not in British colonies

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

General Gage

-Commanding General of British troops in America before and at beginning of American Revolution -Planned raid on Concord which started the American revolution

Second Continental Congress

assemblage of delegates from all colonies that declared independence, adopted AoC and conducted Rev. War

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense - shifted goal from reform w/ British to seeking full independence

Articles of Confederation

written doc setting up loose confederation of states making up first national government of US 1781-1788

Stamp Act (1765)

A tax on printed materials that angered colonists because it was imposed without their consent. It galvanized widespread protest.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of colonial representatives who petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. It marked growing colonial unity.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imports like glass, tea, and paper. Led to boycotts and heightened tensions.

Tea Act (1773)

Allowed the British East India Company to sell tea cheaply in the colonies. Colonists saw it as a trick to accept taxation.

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act. Britain responded with harsh punishments.

Intolerable Acts

Punitive laws shutting down Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts' self-government. They united the colonies against Britain.

Olive Branch Petition

A final plea to avoid war with Britain. King George III rejected it.

Declaration of Independence

A document asserting colonial independence and natural rights philosophies. Written mostly by Thomas Jefferson.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory that convinced France to ally with the U.S. A turning point in the war.

Valley Forge

Harsh winter camp where Washington's troops trained and improved discipline.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American independence.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a process for admitting new states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shays' Rebellion

A farmers' uprising against taxes in Massachusetts. It showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 to fix the Articles; resulted in the U.S. Constitution.

Great Compromise

Combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans: representation by population in the House, equal representation in the Senate.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted enslaved people as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation.

Federalists

Supported the Constitution and a strong central government (Hamilton, Madison, Jay).

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the Constitution because they feared central power; pushed for a Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties from government abuse.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Proposed national debt consolidation, a national bank, and support for industry. Sparked political divisions.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers protested Hamilton's whiskey tax; Washington put it down, proving federal authority.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain to avoid war; unpopular but kept peace.

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with Spain giving U.S. access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements, and sectionalism.

John Adams

Second president; faced tensions with France.

XYZ Affair

French officials demanded bribes to negotiate; sparked American outrage.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws restricting immigration and speech against the government. Viewed as abuses of power.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison's response to the Alien & Sedition Acts, arguing states can nullify unconstitutional laws.

Election of 1800

"Revolution of 1800"—peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Thomas Jefferson

Third president; reduced federal power, bought the Louisiana Territory.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case establishing judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson doubled U.S. territory by buying land from France.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of the Louisiana Territory to map lands and establish trade with Native nations.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson banned all foreign trade; hurt American economy more than Europe.

James Madison

Fourth president; led the U.S. during the War of 1812.

War Hawks

Young congressmen who pushed for war with Britain to defend honor and expand territory.

War of 1812

War with Britain over trade, impressment, and frontier conflicts.

Battle of New Orleans

Major victory led by Andrew Jackson, though fought after the war ended.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended War of 1812; returned things to prewar conditions.

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting opposing the war; seen as unpatriotic and contributed to their collapse.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of one-party rule under Monroe and rising nationalism.

American System (Henry Clay)

Plan for a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements to unify the economy.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case supporting federal power over the states and confirming the constitutionality of the national bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Ruled that only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free; banned slavery north of 36°30'.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh president; champion of the "common man," expanded executive power.

Spoils System

Jackson rewarded supporters with government jobs.

Indian Removal Act

Jackson's policy forcing Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of the Cherokee, causing thousands of deaths.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatened to nullify tariffs; Jackson defended federal authority.

Bank War

Jackson opposed the national bank, accusing it of favoring the wealthy.

Whig Party

Formed to oppose Jackson; favored strong Congress, industrial development.

Market Revolution

Shift toward commercial agriculture, industrialization, and transportation networks.

Lowell System

Factory model using young women in textile mills with strict rules and dorms.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival encouraging reform movements like abolition and temperance.

Temperance Movement

Reform effort to limit or end alcohol consumption.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery; leaders included Garrison, Douglass, and Grimké sisters.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention; issued the Declaration of Sentiments.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women belonged in the home as moral guardians.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing nature, individuality, and spirituality (Thoreau, Emerson).

Horace Mann

Leader of education reform; pushed for public schooling.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who worked to improve conditions in prisons and mental hospitals.

Utopian Communities

Experimental societies like Brook Farm and the Shakers seeking social perfection.

Immigration (Irish & German)

Large waves in the 1840s due to famine and political unrest; sparked nativism.

Nativism (Know-Nothing Party)

Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans.

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)

Invention that expanded cotton production and increased demand for enslaved labor.

King Cotton

Term describing the South's economic dependence on cotton.